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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

GnRH released by hypothalamus -> LH/FSH released from anterior pituitary gland -> testosterone/oestrogen released from gonads

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2
Q

Whats regarded as a normal duration of menstrual cycle

A

28 days (+/- 7 days)

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3
Q

The first half of the menstrual cycle is always constant. True or false?

A

False

- varies between individuals

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4
Q

The second half of the menstrual cycle is variable/constant ?

A

Constant

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5
Q

How long is the second half of the menstrual cycle?

A

14 days long

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6
Q

Average duration of menses?

A

3-8 days

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7
Q

Day 1 of the menstrual cycle signifies ….

A

the first day of bleeding

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8
Q

How do you confirm that ovulation is occurring?

A

Test mid-luteal serum progesterone levels (patient ovulating if over 30nmol/l in 2 samples)

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9
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle - FSH secretion peaks during the first/second half of this phase?

A

First half

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10
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle - LH secretion peaks during the start or the end of this phase?

A

end

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11
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle - what does FSH secretion stimulate?

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle to develop and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

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12
Q

Which cells release oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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13
Q

The release of oestrogen causes the endometrium to thicken/thin?

A

Thicken

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14
Q

What triggers ovulation to occur?

A

LH surge

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15
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

Leading follicle ruptures and an egg is released into the uterine tubes

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16
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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17
Q

Secretory (luteal) phase - what does the corpus luteum produce

A

Porgesterone

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18
Q

In relation to the normal menstrual cycle, when does progesterone peak?

A

During the luteal phase

Around 1 week after ovulation

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19
Q

In pregnancy, the corpus luteum disintegrates / is preserved?

A

Is preserved

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20
Q

If pregnancy does not occur (and menstruation occurs instead), the corpus luteum disintegrates / is preserved?

A

Disintegrates

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21
Q

Menstruation - progesterone levels increase/decrease?

A

Decrease

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22
Q

What happens during menstruation?

A

Tissue, blood and unfertilised egg are all discharged

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23
Q

What triggers the start of the next menstrual cycle?

A

Decreased progesterone levels

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24
Q

In the menstrual cycle, when does oestrogen peak?

A

Before ovulation

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25
In the menstrual cycle, when is the LH surge?
Just before ovulation (at the very end of the proliferative phase)
26
What is the dominant hormone in the second half of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone
27
Which organ is responsible for producing eggs?
Ovary
28
The endometrium thickens in response to ...?
Oestrogen
29
Where is oestrogen secreted from?
Ovaries and adrenal cortex
30
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of LH?
Progesterone
31
Which hormone in the menstrual cycle increases basal body temperature?
Progesterone
32
What hormone is responsible for thick cervical mucosa and maintaining the thickness of the endometrium?
Progesterone
33
It is most accurate to test testosterone levels in the morning/evening ? why?
Morning | - this is when they are at their highest
34
GnRH - released in a pulsatile manner. true or false?
True
35
Which cells produce testosterone?
Leydig cells
36
Which hormone promotes the descend of the testes?
Testosterone
37
Why is it important that testes descend?
They need a lower temperature outside the body to facilitate spermatogenesis (instead of in the abdominal cavity)
38
Where is sperm made?
Seminiferous tubules
39
Where are sertoli cells located?
In the seminiferous tubules
40
LH stimulates testosterone secretion. True or false?
True
41
What is the name of the enzyme in the head of the sperm?
Acrosome
42
What is the function of acrosome in sperm?
Contains many lytic proteins that are required fro the digestion of the egg's outer shell (zone pellucida)
43
What are the function of sertoli cells?
Prevent the sperm from antibody attack
44
What do you use to measure testicular volume?
Orchidometer
45
Pre-pubertal normal testicular volume?
1-3mls
46
Adult normal testicular volume?
12-25mls
47
Erection is mediated by sympathetics/parasympathetics?
Parasympathetics
48
Ejaculation is mediated by symptathetics/parasympathetics?
Sympathetics
49
Where is sperm produced?
Testes
50
Once ejaculated into the vagina, how do sperm find the oocyte?
Oocyte releases chemicals which act as directions for the sperm
51
When a sperm penetrates the egg, what happens to the egg afterwards?
Membrane fuses to prevent another sperm from entering the egg
52
What is the final stage of fertilisation?
Fusion of nuclei | - haploid sperm and haploid egg nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus of zygote
53
Female identity
Chromosomes in sperm : 22 + X Chromosomes in egg : 22 + X When they combine this produces a zygote with 22 homologous pairs + XX
54
In females, there is no testosterone secreted. true or false?
True
55
In females, there mullerian inhibiting factor is secreted. True or false?
False | - Inhibiting factor not secreted so mullerian ducts develop into the reproductive tract
56
In females the is degeneration of wolffian ducts. True or false?
True
57
Male identity
Chromosomes in sperm : 22 + Y Chromosomes in egg : 22 + X When they combine this produces a zygote with 22 homologous pairs + XY
58
In males, testosterone is secreted. True or false?
True
59
Mullerian inhibiting factor is released in males or females?
Males | - therefore there is a degeneration of mullerian ducts
60
In males: - wolfian ducts degenerate. True or false - mullerian ducts degenerate. True or false ?
In males, Wolfian ducts go on to form the reproductive tract and mullerian ducts degenerate
61
In females: - wolfian ducts degenerate. True or false - mullerian ducts degenerate. True or false ?
In females, wolfian ducts degenerate and mullerian ducts go on to form the reproductive tract.
62
External genitalia start to differentiate from ? weeks?
9 weeks
63
At which week can you differentiate male from female external genitalia on US scan?
week 16

Reproduction SOH (50 decks)

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