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Reproduction SOH > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

GnRH released by hypothalamus -> LH/FSH released from anterior pituitary gland -> testosterone/oestrogen released from gonads

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2
Q

Whats regarded as a normal duration of menstrual cycle

A

28 days (+/- 7 days)

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3
Q

The first half of the menstrual cycle is always constant. True or false?

A

False

- varies between individuals

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4
Q

The second half of the menstrual cycle is variable/constant ?

A

Constant

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5
Q

How long is the second half of the menstrual cycle?

A

14 days long

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6
Q

Average duration of menses?

A

3-8 days

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7
Q

Day 1 of the menstrual cycle signifies ….

A

the first day of bleeding

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8
Q

How do you confirm that ovulation is occurring?

A

Test mid-luteal serum progesterone levels (patient ovulating if over 30nmol/l in 2 samples)

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9
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle - FSH secretion peaks during the first/second half of this phase?

A

First half

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10
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle - LH secretion peaks during the start or the end of this phase?

A

end

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11
Q

Proliferative (follicular) phase of menstrual cycle - what does FSH secretion stimulate?

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle to develop and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

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12
Q

Which cells release oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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13
Q

The release of oestrogen causes the endometrium to thicken/thin?

A

Thicken

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14
Q

What triggers ovulation to occur?

A

LH surge

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15
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

Leading follicle ruptures and an egg is released into the uterine tubes

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16
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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17
Q

Secretory (luteal) phase - what does the corpus luteum produce

A

Porgesterone

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18
Q

In relation to the normal menstrual cycle, when does progesterone peak?

A

During the luteal phase

Around 1 week after ovulation

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19
Q

In pregnancy, the corpus luteum disintegrates / is preserved?

A

Is preserved

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20
Q

If pregnancy does not occur (and menstruation occurs instead), the corpus luteum disintegrates / is preserved?

A

Disintegrates

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21
Q

Menstruation - progesterone levels increase/decrease?

A

Decrease

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22
Q

What happens during menstruation?

A

Tissue, blood and unfertilised egg are all discharged

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23
Q

What triggers the start of the next menstrual cycle?

A

Decreased progesterone levels

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24
Q

In the menstrual cycle, when does oestrogen peak?

A

Before ovulation

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25
Q

In the menstrual cycle, when is the LH surge?

A

Just before ovulation (at the very end of the proliferative phase)

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26
Q

What is the dominant hormone in the second half of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone

27
Q

Which organ is responsible for producing eggs?

A

Ovary

28
Q

The endometrium thickens in response to …?

A

Oestrogen

29
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted from?

A

Ovaries and adrenal cortex

30
Q

Which hormone inhibits the secretion of LH?

A

Progesterone

31
Q

Which hormone in the menstrual cycle increases basal body temperature?

A

Progesterone

32
Q

What hormone is responsible for thick cervical mucosa and maintaining the thickness of the endometrium?

A

Progesterone

33
Q

It is most accurate to test testosterone levels in the morning/evening ? why?

A

Morning

- this is when they are at their highest

34
Q

GnRH - released in a pulsatile manner. true or false?

A

True

35
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

36
Q

Which hormone promotes the descend of the testes?

A

Testosterone

37
Q

Why is it important that testes descend?

A

They need a lower temperature outside the body to facilitate spermatogenesis (instead of in the abdominal cavity)

38
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

Seminiferous tubules

39
Q

Where are sertoli cells located?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

40
Q

LH stimulates testosterone secretion. True or false?

A

True

41
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in the head of the sperm?

A

Acrosome

42
Q

What is the function of acrosome in sperm?

A

Contains many lytic proteins that are required fro the digestion of the egg’s outer shell (zone pellucida)

43
Q

What are the function of sertoli cells?

A

Prevent the sperm from antibody attack

44
Q

What do you use to measure testicular volume?

A

Orchidometer

45
Q

Pre-pubertal normal testicular volume?

A

1-3mls

46
Q

Adult normal testicular volume?

A

12-25mls

47
Q

Erection is mediated by sympathetics/parasympathetics?

A

Parasympathetics

48
Q

Ejaculation is mediated by symptathetics/parasympathetics?

A

Sympathetics

49
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Testes

50
Q

Once ejaculated into the vagina, how do sperm find the oocyte?

A

Oocyte releases chemicals which act as directions for the sperm

51
Q

When a sperm penetrates the egg, what happens to the egg afterwards?

A

Membrane fuses to prevent another sperm from entering the egg

52
Q

What is the final stage of fertilisation?

A

Fusion of nuclei

- haploid sperm and haploid egg nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus of zygote

53
Q

Female identity

A

Chromosomes in sperm : 22 + X
Chromosomes in egg : 22 + X
When they combine this produces a zygote with 22 homologous pairs + XX

54
Q

In females, there is no testosterone secreted. true or false?

A

True

55
Q

In females, there mullerian inhibiting factor is secreted. True or false?

A

False

- Inhibiting factor not secreted so mullerian ducts develop into the reproductive tract

56
Q

In females the is degeneration of wolffian ducts. True or false?

A

True

57
Q

Male identity

A

Chromosomes in sperm : 22 + Y
Chromosomes in egg : 22 + X
When they combine this produces a zygote with 22 homologous pairs + XY

58
Q

In males, testosterone is secreted. True or false?

A

True

59
Q

Mullerian inhibiting factor is released in males or females?

A

Males

- therefore there is a degeneration of mullerian ducts

60
Q

In males:

  • wolfian ducts degenerate. True or false
  • mullerian ducts degenerate. True or false ?
A

In males, Wolfian ducts go on to form the reproductive tract and mullerian ducts degenerate

61
Q

In females:

  • wolfian ducts degenerate. True or false
  • mullerian ducts degenerate. True or false ?
A

In females, wolfian ducts degenerate and mullerian ducts go on to form the reproductive tract.

62
Q

External genitalia start to differentiate from ? weeks?

A

9 weeks

63
Q

At which week can you differentiate male from female external genitalia on US scan?

A

week 16

Reproduction SOH (50 decks)

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