Pathology

Question 1

Endometrium - during the proliferative phase there is increasing levels of oestrogen. What does this result in?

Answer 1

Stroma and glands grow

Question 2

Endometrium - proliferative phase - what is the surface of the endometrium composed of?

Answer 2

A single columnar cell layer

Question 3

Endometrium - proliferative phase - there is presence/absence of endometrial glands?

Answer 3

Presence of endometrial glands

Question 4

Endometrium - proliferative phase - what do the endometrial glands look like?

Answer 4

Donut shaped

Question 5

Endometrium - proliferative phase - there is presence/absence of mitotic figures

Answer 5

Presence of mitotic figures

- this indicates oestrogen drive

Question 6

Endometrium - secretory phase - what do the endometrial glands look like?

Answer 6

Glands do NOT look donut shaped anymore, instead they look wiggly as they have been growing for longer

Question 7

Methods of taking assessing the endometrium?

Answer 7

Transvaginal US

Hysteroscopy

Question 8

Methods of sampling the endometrium for biopsy

Answer 8

Endometrial pipette

Dilation and curettage

Question 9

Simple endometrial hyperplasia affects part/the entire endometrium?

Answer 9

The entire endometrium

Question 10

Simple endometrial hyperplasia - cytology (normal/abnormal)

Answer 10

Normal

Question 11

Complex endometrial hyperplasia affects part/the entire endometrium?

Answer 11

Part (focal)

Question 12

Complex endometrial hyperplasia - cytology (normal/abnormal)

Answer 12

Normal

Question 13

Complex endometrial hyperplasia is a pre-malignant lesion. True or false?

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Complex atypical hyperplasia affects part/the entire endometrium?

Answer 14

Part (focal)

Question 15

Complex atypical hyperplasia - cytology (normal/abnormal)

Answer 15

Abnormal

Question 16

Complex atypical hyperplasia is a pre-malignant lesion. True or false?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Uterine fibroids - definition

Answer 17

Leiomyoma (smooth muscle tumour)

Question 18

Uterine fibroids are common - true or false

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Uterine fibroids are most common in females over 40. True or false?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Uterine fibroids - clinical features

Answer 20

May be asymptomatic 
Menorrhagia
Pelvic mass 
Pain 
Infertility

Question 21

Uterine fibroids - investigations

Answer 21

US

Question 22

Uterine fibroids - US finding

Answer 22

Smooth echogenic mass

Question 23

Uterine fibroids - management if asymptomatic

Answer 23

Expectant management

Question 24

Uterine fibroids - management if symptomatic

Answer 24

Hysterectomy (if family complete)

Myomectomy
Uterine artery ligation

Question 25

Give 3 causes for uterine tube swellings

Answer 25

Ectopic pregnancy Hydrosalpinx Pyosalpinx

Question 26

Hydrosalpinx - definition

Answer 26

Distally blocked fallopian tube

Question 27

Hydrosalpinx - clinical features

Answer 27

``` Abdominal pain Vaginal discharge Dyspareunia Cervical excitation Menorrhagia Dysmenorrhoea Infertility ```

Question 28

Pyosalpinx - definition

Answer 28

Blocked fallopian tubes filled with pus | Sudden onset

Question 29

Normal ectocervix is single/multi layered?

Answer 29

Multi layered

Question 30

Normal endocervix is single/multi layered?

Answer 30

Single layered

Question 31

Ectocervix is composed of which type of epithelium?

Answer 31

Squamous

Question 32

Endocervix is composed of which type of epithelium?

Answer 32

Columnar

Question 33

What is the transformation zone

Answer 33

The squamo-columnar junction between the ectocervical and endocervical epithelium.

Question 34

The position of the transformation zone is always constant. True or false ?

Answer 34

False | - varies during life as physiological response to menarche, pregnancy, menopause

Question 35

What are nabothian follicles?

Answer 35

Benign glands

Question 36

Functional ovarian cyst is related to _____

Answer 36

Ovulation

Question 37

Ovarian endometriotic cyst - clinical features

Answer 37

``` Chocolate cyst severe dysmenorrhoea Pre menstrual pain Dyspareunia Subfertility ```