Pregnancy Flashcards
Habits to maintain prior to pregnancy
Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
Choose an adequate and balanced diet
Be physically active
Receive regular medical care
Avoid harmful influences
Risk to pregnancy when underweight
High risk of low-birth-weight infant
Risk to pregnancy when overweight or obese
Difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma, and cesarean section
Increased risk of neural tube defects and other abnormalities
What does the placenta do?
Supplies nutrients and removes waste from fetus
produces hormones
filters substances
What is the pipeline from the placenta to the fetus?
Umbilical cord
What can cause implantation failure?
Smoking
drug abuse
malnutrition
Embryo
infant from 2-8 weeks
fetus
infant from 8 weeks until birth
How long is gestation time?
38-42 weeks
How are the trimesters divided up?
First: 0-12
Second: 13-26
Third: 27-40
Why are the effects of malnutrition during critical periods (rapid cell division) irreversible?
Heart and brain development of child
What are some high-risk pregnancy factors?
Smoking
Trauma
Substance use
Underweight or overweight
SDoH
Nutrient needs during pregnancy
energy, carbs, protein and fat
How many extra calories do you need in the first trimester?
none
How many extra calories do you need in the second trimester?
340 calories
How many extra calories do you need in the third trimester?
450 calories
What nutrient dense foods are important?
high nutrition
protein, vit B, zinc (protein synthesis), vit C, calcium (fetal bone dev), vit D
Why do you need fiber during pregnancy?
constipation
What essential fatty acids do you need during pregnancy?
omega 3 and 6
How much extra protein do you need during pregnancy?
25g
How much folate and vitamin B12 do you need during pregnancy?
400-600 mcg/day
What happens when you dont have enough folate or vitamin B12 during pregnancy?
Spinal bifida
Physical activity after pregnancy
choose low impact activities
continue exercise during pregnancy
Common nutrition concerns in pregnancy
Food cravings and food aversions
Nonfood cravings: pica
Morning sickness
Heartburn
Constipation
Alleviation strategies
Problems in pregnancy
Preexisting diabetes
Gestational diabetes
HTN
Preeclamsia
Preeclampsia symptoms
HTN and protein in the urine
How is absorption of meds affected in pregnancy?
Hormonal changes, pressure, delayed gastric emptying, oral meds take longer to absorb, GI tract is slowed
How is distribution of meds affected in pregnancy?
increased blood flow to kidneys, uterus and skin, increased cardiac output and plasma volume (dilution of drugs), decreased flow to skeletal muscles
How is metabolism of drugs altered during pregnancy?
Increases, need higher dose
How is excretion of drugs affected during pregnancy?
increased blood flow to kidneys, increased excretion
changes in dosage timing and onset of action
FDA pregnancy categories
A: have not shown fetal risk or harm
B: animal studies – no evidence to harm to the fetus. No pregnant women in trials.
C: animal studies have shown adverse effect.
D: risks are seen in fetus in pregnant women. benefits outweigh the risks to the fetus
X: Animal and pregnant women. Positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks. Contraindicated in women who are pregnant
N: Not yet classified
Teratogens
Agents that cause fetal malformations
What does smoking cause?
complicated birth, low birth weight, SIDS, vasoconstriction
What are practices that should be avoided when pregnant?
Smoking
Medicinal drugs and herbal supplimnets
Drugs abuse
Environmental contaminants
Foodborne illness
Restrictive diet
Sugar substitutes
Caffeine
Alcohol
What are the most concerning containants?
lead, mercery
Listeriosis
Causes miscarriage, stillborn, severe brain or other infections in baby
What is recommended caffeine intake in pregnant women?
<200mg/day
What deficiencies are likely with adolescent pregnancies?
B12, D, folate, calcium, iron
Optimal breastfeeding
exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months
Energy needs for mother during breastfeeding
first 6 months: 330 calories/day
Second 6 months: extra 400 calories/day
What is a safe rate for weight loss during breastfeeding?
1 pound/week
How is milk production affected by nutritional deprivation?
Decreases quantity but not quality of milk
What is the recommended consumption of water a day during breastfeeding for the mother?
about 13 cups/day
Contraindications during breastfeeding
Alcohol
Tobacco and caffeine
Medications and illicit drugs
Maternal illness (stop if TB, active HIV can pass through breast milk)
