Pregnancy

Question 1

Habits to maintain prior to pregnancy

Answer 1

Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
Choose an adequate and balanced diet
Be physically active
Receive regular medical care
Avoid harmful influences

Question 2

Risk to pregnancy when underweight

Answer 2

High risk of low-birth-weight infant

Question 3

Risk to pregnancy when overweight or obese

Answer 3

Difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma, and cesarean section
Increased risk of neural tube defects and other abnormalities

Question 4

What does the placenta do?

Answer 4

Supplies nutrients and removes waste from fetus
produces hormones
filters substances

Question 5

What is the pipeline from the placenta to the fetus?

Answer 5

Umbilical cord

Question 6

What can cause implantation failure?

Answer 6

Smoking
drug abuse
malnutrition

Question 7

Embryo

Answer 7

infant from 2-8 weeks

Question 8

fetus

Answer 8

infant from 8 weeks until birth

Question 9

How long is gestation time?

Answer 9

38-42 weeks

Question 10

How are the trimesters divided up?

Answer 10

First: 0-12
Second: 13-26
Third: 27-40

Question 11

Why are the effects of malnutrition during critical periods (rapid cell division) irreversible?

Answer 11

Heart and brain development of child

Question 12

What are some high-risk pregnancy factors?

Answer 12

Smoking
Trauma
Substance use
Underweight or overweight
SDoH

Question 13

Nutrient needs during pregnancy

Answer 13

energy, carbs, protein and fat

Question 14

How many extra calories do you need in the first trimester?

Answer 14

none

Question 15

How many extra calories do you need in the second trimester?

Answer 15

340 calories

Question 16

How many extra calories do you need in the third trimester?

Answer 16

450 calories

Question 17

What nutrient dense foods are important?

Answer 17

high nutrition
protein, vit B, zinc (protein synthesis), vit C, calcium (fetal bone dev), vit D

Question 18

Why do you need fiber during pregnancy?

Answer 18

constipation

Question 19

What essential fatty acids do you need during pregnancy?

Answer 19

omega 3 and 6

Question 20

How much extra protein do you need during pregnancy?

Answer 20

25g

Question 21

How much folate and vitamin B12 do you need during pregnancy?

Answer 21

400-600 mcg/day

Question 22

What happens when you dont have enough folate or vitamin B12 during pregnancy?

Answer 22

Spinal bifida

Question 23

Physical activity after pregnancy

Answer 23

choose low impact activities
continue exercise during pregnancy

Question 24

Common nutrition concerns in pregnancy

Answer 24

Food cravings and food aversions
Nonfood cravings: pica
Morning sickness
Heartburn
Constipation
Alleviation strategies

Question 25

Problems in pregnancy

Answer 25

Preexisting diabetes Gestational diabetes HTN Preeclamsia

Question 26

Preeclampsia symptoms

Answer 26

HTN and protein in the urine

Question 27

How is absorption of meds affected in pregnancy?

Answer 27

Hormonal changes, pressure, delayed gastric emptying, oral meds take longer to absorb, GI tract is slowed

Question 28

How is distribution of meds affected in pregnancy?

Answer 28

increased blood flow to kidneys, uterus and skin, increased cardiac output and plasma volume (dilution of drugs), decreased flow to skeletal muscles

Question 29

How is metabolism of drugs altered during pregnancy?

Answer 29

Increases, need higher dose

Question 30

How is excretion of drugs affected during pregnancy?

Answer 30

increased blood flow to kidneys, increased excretion changes in dosage timing and onset of action

Question 31

FDA pregnancy categories

Answer 31

A: have not shown fetal risk or harm B: animal studies – no evidence to harm to the fetus. No pregnant women in trials. C: animal studies have shown adverse effect. D: risks are seen in fetus in pregnant women. benefits outweigh the risks to the fetus X: Animal and pregnant women. Positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks. Contraindicated in women who are pregnant N: Not yet classified

Question 32

Teratogens

Answer 32

Agents that cause fetal malformations

Question 33

What does smoking cause?

Answer 33

complicated birth, low birth weight, SIDS, vasoconstriction

Question 34

What are practices that should be avoided when pregnant?

Answer 34

Smoking Medicinal drugs and herbal supplimnets Drugs abuse Environmental contaminants Foodborne illness Restrictive diet Sugar substitutes Caffeine Alcohol

Question 35

What are the most concerning containants?

Answer 35

lead, mercery

Question 36

Listeriosis

Answer 36

Causes miscarriage, stillborn, severe brain or other infections in baby

Question 37

What is recommended caffeine intake in pregnant women?

Answer 37

<200mg/day

Question 38

What deficiencies are likely with adolescent pregnancies?

Answer 38

B12, D, folate, calcium, iron

Question 39

Optimal breastfeeding

Answer 39

exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months

Question 40

Energy needs for mother during breastfeeding

Answer 40

first 6 months: 330 calories/day Second 6 months: extra 400 calories/day

Question 41

What is a safe rate for weight loss during breastfeeding?

Answer 41

1 pound/week

Question 42

How is milk production affected by nutritional deprivation?

Answer 42

Decreases quantity but not quality of milk

Question 43

What is the recommended consumption of water a day during breastfeeding for the mother?

Answer 43

about 13 cups/day

Question 44

Contraindications during breastfeeding

Answer 44

Alcohol Tobacco and caffeine Medications and illicit drugs Maternal illness (stop if TB, active HIV can pass through breast milk)