Body Balance Flashcards
Catabolism
breaking down and releasing energy
Anabolism
building up and using energy
ATP break down
energy is released when phosphate bond is broken (allows body to work)
This results in formation of ADP
ATP Synthesis
Energy is required
Energy comes from breakdown of carbs, fat and protein
What is the body’s energy metabolism?
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Krebb’s cycle
how CHO, fats and protein become usable energy
where stored energy from CHO, fats, proteins is released (this happens when acetyl-coA is oxidized into ATP and Co2
Is fat an efficient source of glucose?
No, 95% can not be converted to glucose
Deamination
loss of amino NH2 group is done if the protein needs to be used for energy or is consumed in access
What can amino acids convert to for energy?
pyruvate
glucose
acetyl coa
enter TCA cycle
How is glycerol used for energy? (fat breakdown)
It is left to become new glucose or yield more energy
Feasting (Energy Imbalance)
More energy is consumed than expended (excess is stored as fat)
Excess carbs (first stored as glycerol, when stores are full, it is used for energy which makes fat be stored more)
Excess fat (immediate adipose tissue)
Excess protein (enzymes turn protein into body fat)
What does excess carbs do in feasting?
Liver and muscle glycogen stores
Body fat stores
What does access fat do in feasting?
Contributes to body fat stores
What does excess protein do in feasting?
Nitrogen lost in urine
Body fat stores
Fasting steps
- Glycogen used first (glycogen stores and adipose tissue)
- Protein breakdown and ketosis (provides glucose for the brain, lean tissue wasting slows but continues, ketone body production increases)
- Slowed metabolism (conserves fat and lean tissue)
In fasting, how fast is liver glycogen used up?
One day
What parts of the body can not metabolize fatty acids?
brain, nerves, RBC
What are ketone bodies?
acidic, water-soluble compounds produced by the liver from fatty acid fragments
What happens after 12-15 hours of fasting?
glycogen stores run out
What happens after 15-48 hours of fasting?
protein is main source of energy (muscle breakdown)
What happens after >48 hours of fasting?
body shifts energy mostly from ketone bodies (basal metabolic rate decreases)
Slow muscle loss
Hazards of fasting
wasting lean tissue
impairment of disease resistance
lowering of body temp
disruption of body fluid and electrolyte balance
Why is fasting not optimal for weight loss?
causes loss of lean body fat
Components of energy use
Basal metabolism (40-65%): basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate
Energy for physical activities (30-50%): muscle mass, body weight and activity
Energy to manage food (10%): energy spent in order to eat and digest food
Does fasting increase or decrease BMR?
decrease
Does manutrition increase or decrease BMR?
decrease
Does hormones increase or decrease BMR?
both
Does smoking increase or decrease BMR?
increase
Does caffiene increase or decrease BMR?
increases
Dose body composition affect BMR?
more lean muscle, increases
does a fever increase or decrease BMR?
increases
Does stress increase or decrease BMR?
both
What organs are part of feasting/metabolism/catabolism?
liver, kidneys, GI tract, pancreas, heart
Can a compound that is converted to pyruvate be used to make glucose?
yes
Can a compound that is converted to acetyl CoA be used to make glucose?
No
What does the kreb cycle release?
ATP and CO2
ATP
the molecular unit of currency for intracellular energy transfer
How is nitrogen exceted? (amino acid breakdown)
through the kidneys
What are the three factors to consider when thinking about energy expenditure?
BMR
Physical activity
Energy to manage food (thermic effect)
What is excess CHO stored as? Converted to?
Stored as glycogen
Converted to fat
What is excess protein used for? Stored as?
Stored as glucose
Stored as triglycerides
What is excess fat stored as?`
