Digestion

Question 1

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 1

chewing, churning of the stomach, peristalsis

Question 2

Chemical Digestion

Answer 2

saliva, enzymes, transport of nutrients to where it is needed

Question 3

Movement of Digestion

Answer 3

mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, gallbladder and pancreas, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, colon, rectum, anus

Question 4

What does the mouth do?

Answer 4

Saliva lubricates
Amylase starts starch digestion
Chewing breaks down food

Question 5

What does the pharynx do?

Answer 5

Epiglottis keeps food from airways

Question 6

What does the Esophagus do?

Answer 6

Where peristalsis starts

Question 7

What does the stomach do?

Answer 7

Food storage
Acid kills bacteria, unfolds proteins, activates pepsin
Produces chyme

Question 8

What does the small intestines do?

Answer 8

Most digestion and absorption
Pancreatic enzymes digest food and bicarbonate neutralizes acid
Bile breaks fat

Question 9

What does the large intestines do?

Answer 9

absorb water
Bacteria digest fiber, make vitamins

Question 10

What does the rectum do?

Answer 10

Stores feces

Question 11

what does the liver do?

Answer 11

manufactures bile salts to help digest fats

Question 12

What does the gallbladder do?

Answer 12

stores bile until needed

Question 13

What does the Pyloric sphincter do?

Answer 13

allows passage from stomach to small intestine

Question 14

What does the ileocecal valve do?

Answer 14

allows passage from small intestine to the large intestine

Question 15

What does the appendix do?

Answer 15

houses bacteria and lymph cells

Question 16

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 16

manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients and release bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme that enters the small intestine

Question 17

Gastrointestinal motility

Answer 17

Peristalsis - muscle contractions
Segmentation - squeezing of the intestines that breaks things apart with enzymes

Question 18

Digestive juices

Answer 18

Salivary glands (salivary amalaze breaks down starch)
Gastric glands/stomach (pepsin breaks down proteins and hydrochloric acid)
Liver (bile emulsifies fat that stores the bile in gallbladder)
Pancreas (pancreatic juices - carbs, fats, proteins)
Small intestine

Question 19

Where do nutrients go?

Answer 19

Lymphatic system (most lipid soluble nutrients)
Bloodstream (through the liver by hepatic portal vein)
Circulatory route of blood - heart, arteries, capillaries, heptaic portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, heart

Question 20

Carbohydrates info

Answer 20

starch, sugars, fiber
composed of monosaccharides
Carbon and water
preferred energy source

Question 21

Simple carbs

Answer 21

Monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides - maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 22

Complex Carbs

Answer 22

Oligosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides
which are…
Glycogen (storage)
Starches
Fibre (soluble and insoluble)

Question 23

What breaks down carbs into monosaccharides in digestion?

Answer 23

Salivary amalase

Question 24

Carbohydrate digestion

Answer 24

Mouth: salivary glands secrete salivary amalase in the mouth. Starch -(salivary amalase)-> small polysaccharides, maltose
Stomach: Stomach acid and enzymes digest salivary amalases, halting starch digestion. Stomach acid hydrolyzes maltose and sucrose
Small intestine: Pancreas produces enzymes and releases them into the small intestine.
Polysaccharides -(pancreatic amalase)-> disaccharides
Enzymes on the surface of the small intestine break disaccharides into monosaccharides and cells absorb.

Question 25

Monosaccharides that are absorbed after broken down in the small intestine

Answer 25

Maltose -(maltase)-> glucose and glucose Sucrose -(sucrase)-> fructose and glucose Lactose -(lactase)-> galactose and glucose

Question 26

Fiber Digestion

Answer 26

Mouth: mechanical action of mouth breaks down fiber and saliva moistens it for swallowing Moves through stomach and small intestine and remains unchanged Large intestine: Some fiber -(bacterial enzymes)-> fatty acids and gas

Question 27

What does fiber do for the body?

Answer 27

Holds water, regulates bowel activity, binds cholesterol and some minerals, carry them out as excreted

Question 28

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 28

Amount of lactase decreases with age If lactose is not digested by lactase and continues through the GI tract, it draws in water, creates gas in colon and causes explosive diarrhea

Question 29

Glycogen (complex carb)

Answer 29

CHO storage in animals, mammals Body breaks off a chain when it needs energy Made and stored in liver and muscle

Question 30

Glycogen's role in blood glucose regulation

Answer 30

low blood sugar, stimulates release of glucagon, breaks down glycogen to form glucose, given to body and brain

Question 31

Starch (complex carb)

Answer 31

CHO storage in plants Composed of glucose Digestible by humans

Question 32

Fiber (complex carb)

Answer 32

CHO not well digested, not broken down for energy Found in plant-based foods

Question 33

Insoluble fiber

Answer 33

Does not dissolve in water (passes unchanged through colon) Increase regularity of BM

Question 34

Soluble fiber

Answer 34

Dissolves in water Holds water in stool, binds to cholesterol and simple sugars, delays transit time

Question 35

Fiber AI

Answer 35

38 g/day men 25 g/day for women

Question 36

Harmful effects of excessive fiber

Answer 36

Pulls water into the colon Mineral balance (pull things through without being absorbed) Energy requirements (fiber does not give energy) Increased fluid needs (dehydration) Nutrients displacements (not getting the nutrients you need)

Question 37

Average carbs you need for an adult per day

Answer 37

130 g

Question 38

What does insulin do?

Answer 38

Pancreatic hormone that regulate blood glucose levels

Question 39

What does glucagon do?

Answer 39

Pancreatic hormone that releases glycogen from liver

Question 40

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 40

Hormone produced by pancreas and hypothalamus that inhibits insulin and glucagon

Question 41

Glycemic index

Answer 41

method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising BG

Question 42

Glycemic response

Answer 42

the extent that food raises the BG concentration and elicits an insulin response

Question 43

Glycogenolysis

Answer 43

process converting glycogen back to glucose Maintains blood glucose

Question 44

Energy vs nutrient density

Answer 44

energy density = how many calories it has more nutrients + fewer calories = high nutrient density

Question 45

empty kcalorie foods

Answer 45

less nutrients, high calories

Question 46

essential nutrients