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NURS 300 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

chewing, churning of the stomach, peristalsis

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2
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

saliva, enzymes, transport of nutrients to where it is needed

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3
Q

Movement of Digestion

A

mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, gallbladder and pancreas, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, colon, rectum, anus

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4
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

Saliva lubricates
Amylase starts starch digestion
Chewing breaks down food

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5
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

Epiglottis keeps food from airways

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6
Q

What does the Esophagus do?

A

Where peristalsis starts

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7
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Food storage
Acid kills bacteria, unfolds proteins, activates pepsin
Produces chyme

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8
Q

What does the small intestines do?

A

Most digestion and absorption
Pancreatic enzymes digest food and bicarbonate neutralizes acid
Bile breaks fat

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9
Q

What does the large intestines do?

A

absorb water
Bacteria digest fiber, make vitamins

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10
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

Stores feces

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11
Q

what does the liver do?

A

manufactures bile salts to help digest fats

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12
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile until needed

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13
Q

What does the Pyloric sphincter do?

A

allows passage from stomach to small intestine

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14
Q

What does the ileocecal valve do?

A

allows passage from small intestine to the large intestine

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15
Q

What does the appendix do?

A

houses bacteria and lymph cells

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16
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients and release bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme that enters the small intestine

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17
Q

Gastrointestinal motility

A

Peristalsis - muscle contractions
Segmentation - squeezing of the intestines that breaks things apart with enzymes

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18
Q

Digestive juices

A

Salivary glands (salivary amalaze breaks down starch)
Gastric glands/stomach (pepsin breaks down proteins and hydrochloric acid)
Liver (bile emulsifies fat that stores the bile in gallbladder)
Pancreas (pancreatic juices - carbs, fats, proteins)
Small intestine

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19
Q

Where do nutrients go?

A

Lymphatic system (most lipid soluble nutrients)
Bloodstream (through the liver by hepatic portal vein)
Circulatory route of blood - heart, arteries, capillaries, heptaic portal vein, liver, hepatic vein, heart

20
Q

Carbohydrates info

A

starch, sugars, fiber
composed of monosaccharides
Carbon and water
preferred energy source

21
Q

Simple carbs

A

Monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides - maltose, sucrose, lactose

22
Q

Complex Carbs

A

Oligosaccharides (3-10 monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides
which are…
Glycogen (storage)
Starches
Fibre (soluble and insoluble)

23
Q

What breaks down carbs into monosaccharides in digestion?

A

Salivary amalase

24
Q

Carbohydrate digestion

A

Mouth: salivary glands secrete salivary amalase in the mouth. Starch -(salivary amalase)-> small polysaccharides, maltose
Stomach: Stomach acid and enzymes digest salivary amalases, halting starch digestion. Stomach acid hydrolyzes maltose and sucrose
Small intestine: Pancreas produces enzymes and releases them into the small intestine.
Polysaccharides -(pancreatic amalase)-> disaccharides
Enzymes on the surface of the small intestine break disaccharides into monosaccharides and cells absorb.

25
Q

Monosaccharides that are absorbed after broken down in the small intestine

A

Maltose -(maltase)-> glucose and glucose
Sucrose -(sucrase)-> fructose and glucose
Lactose -(lactase)-> galactose and glucose

26
Q

Fiber Digestion

A

Mouth: mechanical action of mouth breaks down fiber and saliva moistens it for swallowing
Moves through stomach and small intestine and remains unchanged
Large intestine: Some fiber -(bacterial enzymes)-> fatty acids and gas

27
Q

What does fiber do for the body?

A

Holds water, regulates bowel activity, binds cholesterol and some minerals, carry them out as excreted

28
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Amount of lactase decreases with age
If lactose is not digested by lactase and continues through the GI tract, it draws in water, creates gas in colon and causes explosive diarrhea

29
Q

Glycogen (complex carb)

A

CHO storage in animals, mammals
Body breaks off a chain when it needs energy
Made and stored in liver and muscle

30
Q

Glycogen’s role in blood glucose regulation

A

low blood sugar, stimulates release of glucagon, breaks down glycogen to form glucose, given to body and brain

31
Q

Starch (complex carb)

A

CHO storage in plants
Composed of glucose
Digestible by humans

32
Q

Fiber (complex carb)

A

CHO not well digested, not broken down for energy
Found in plant-based foods

33
Q

Insoluble fiber

A

Does not dissolve in water (passes unchanged through colon)
Increase regularity of BM

34
Q

Soluble fiber

A

Dissolves in water
Holds water in stool, binds to cholesterol and simple sugars, delays transit time

35
Q

Fiber AI

A

38 g/day men
25 g/day for women

36
Q

Harmful effects of excessive fiber

A

Pulls water into the colon

Mineral balance (pull things through without being absorbed)
Energy requirements (fiber does not give energy)
Increased fluid needs (dehydration)
Nutrients displacements (not getting the nutrients you need)

37
Q

Average carbs you need for an adult per day

A

130 g

38
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Pancreatic hormone that regulate blood glucose levels

39
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Pancreatic hormone that releases glycogen from liver

40
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Hormone produced by pancreas and hypothalamus that inhibits insulin and glucagon

41
Q

Glycemic index

A

method of classifying foods according to their potential for raising BG

42
Q

Glycemic response

A

the extent that food raises the BG concentration and elicits an insulin response

43
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

process converting glycogen back to glucose
Maintains blood glucose

44
Q

Energy vs nutrient density

A

energy density = how many calories it has
more nutrients + fewer calories = high nutrient density

45
Q

empty kcalorie foods

A

less nutrients, high calories

46
Q

essential nutrients

A

NURS 300 (19 decks)

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