Major Minerals

Question 1

Sodium function in the body

Answer 1

Primary regulator of the extracellular fluid volume (sodium to water ratio)
acid-base balance
muscle contraction
nerve transmission

Question 2

Sodium UL

Answer 2

2300 mg/day

Question 3

DASH Diet

Answer 3

Hypertension diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
Limits cholesterol, promotes fruits and veggies
Not low carb, low sodium instead

Question 4

Sources of Na

Answer 4

salt, soy sauce, processed foods

Question 5

Chloride function in the body

Answer 5

Maintains fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balances
Part of hydrochloric acid in gastric fluid
Proper digestion

Question 6

Cl toxicity symptoms

Answer 6

may cause vomiting

Question 7

Major source of Cl

Answer 7

Salt, soy sauce, processed foods

Question 8

What is the principal (+) charged ion inside the cells?

Answer 8

Potassium

Question 9

Potassium function in the body

Answer 9

Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity
Involved in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
Distribution inside and outside the cell affects many aspects of homeostasis
Facilitates reactions (making proteins)

Question 10

Potassium toxicity symptoms

Answer 10

muscular weakness, vomiting

Question 11

Potassium deficiency symptoms

Answer 11

increased blood pressure, kidney stones, bone turnover, increased salt sensitivity
major: Cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance

Question 12

What are the causes of potassium deficiency

Answer 12

Diuretics (Lasix), steroids, cathartics (causes vomiting)

Question 13

Causes of potassium toxicity

Answer 13

overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements, diseases, or medications

Question 14

Best sources of potassium

Answer 14

fresh/whole foods, especially fruits and vegetables

Question 15

Potassium correlation with HTN

Answer 15

Low potassium intakes raise blood pressure
Ample potassium associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke

Question 16

Calcium roles in the body

Answer 16

Integral part of bone structure and serves as a calcium bank
Muscle contraction
nerve functioning
blood clotting
blood pressure
immune defenses

Question 17

What is a major (-) ion of extracellular fluid?

Answer 17

Chloride

Question 18

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 18

Calcium (bones)

Question 19

Calcium deficiency symptoms

Answer 19

stunted growth
bone loss

Question 20

Calcium toxicity symptoms

Answer 20

constipation, increased risk of urinary stones, interference of absorption with other minerals

Question 21

What is the principal electrolyte in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 21

Sodium

Question 22

How is bone made of calcium?

Answer 22

Calcium salts form crystals on a collagen matrix

Question 23

What age is peek bone mass?

Answer 23

10-30 years old

Question 24

What is the calcium balance?

Answer 24

When blood calcium levels rise too high, it is deposited into bone
Regulatory system to counter low blood calcium by…
- Small intestine absorbs more calcium
- Bones release more calcium into the blood
- Kidneys excrete less calcium

Question 25

How is blood calcium affected by a chronic dietary deficiency of calcium?

Answer 25

It would show as regular levels because the calcium is regulated in the blood and if there isn’t enough, they will take it from the bones, bone loss

Question 26

Why is osteoporosis more prevalent in women than in men?

Answer 26

women consume less calcium, loose estrogen after menopause (loose 20% bone mass), less bone mass

Question 27

Prevention of osteoporosis

Answer 27

adequate calcium and weight-bearing physical activity

Question 28

Calcium RDA during adolescence

Answer 28

1300 mg

Question 29

When does RDA for calcium lower?

Answer 29

age 19-50

Question 30

When does RDA for calcium raise?

Answer 30

women >50 men >70

Question 31

Sources of calcium

Answer 31

Milk and milk products Fortified foods Sardines tofu turnip greens broccoli

Question 32

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 32

Phosphorus

Question 33

What is the function of phosphorus?

Answer 33

mineralization of bones and teeth genetic material energy transfer buffer systems

Question 34

Where is phosphorus found?

Answer 34

bones, teeth and all body tissues

Question 35

Sources of phosphorus

Answer 35

animal protein, milk, cheese

Question 36

Where is magnesium found in the body?

Answer 36

bones, muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissues; small amount in body fluids

Question 37

What is magnesium function?

Answer 37

Functions in enzymes; needed for energy release in cells; required for normal muscle function; bone mineralization

Question 38

Symptoms of magnesium deficiency

Answer 38

low blood calcium, muscle cramps, and seizures, hallucinations, difficulty swallowing

Question 39

Magnesium toxicity

Answer 39

caused by high non-food intakes (supplements, magnesium salts) diarrhea, nausea, abd cramps, acid-base balance

Question 40

Magnesium in foods

Answer 40

Present in hard water dark green, leafy vegetables; nuts; legumes; whole-grain breads and cereals; seafood; chocolate and cocoa

Question 41

Sulfate in the body

Answer 41

Helps shape protein strands (hair, skin, nails)

Question 42

Sodium Deficiency symptoms

Answer 42

muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

Question 43

Sodium toxicity symptoms

Answer 43

hypertension

Question 44

Toxicity of phosphorus

Answer 44

calcification of nonskeletal tissues (kidneys)

Question 45

What is sulfates function?

Answer 45

stabilizes protein shape by forming sulfur-sulfur bridges