Pre-industrial, Industrial + Post-industrial Sport Flashcards
what were the characteristics of pre-industrial Britain?
-communication + transport was limited
- widespread illiteracy
- cruel or violent existences were the norm for lower classes
-limited free time
-very little skill
-clear class divisions- two-tier society
-sport played infrequently/ on Holy days
- used natural resources for sports
-sports were aggressive and violent
-male-dominated
what was the feudal system?
a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
what was popular recreation?
the sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
how did popular recreations reflect socio-cultural factors of pre-industrial Britain?
–limited transport /communication== sport local and specific to each community
–illiteracy.uneducated== very basic rules a + specific to communities
–harsh society== aggressive activities, injuries and damage to property
–long working hours== activities were occasional + restricted
–pre-industrial revolutions== activities played in towns and rural areas
–two-tier society/feudal== wagers placed by upper class
what were the characteristics of mob football?
–played occasionally/Holy days
–no clear division of labour/little strategy
–no pitch- so used common ground between villages
–minimal equipment + facilities available
–locally based as poor transport/communication
–little-no rules due to illiteracy
why was mob football banned?
–very violent/unruly in nature
–led to injuries
–damage to property
–involved gambling/wagering
–linked to alcohol consumption/ dunked behaviour
what were the characteristics of real tennis?
–played by the upper class- considered civilised
– complex rules with strategy + skill
– specialised kit, equipment and some facilities
–played by men
–high moral code
how was real tennis different to other popular recreations/ mob football?
–it had written + complex rules
– it wasn’t cruel or violent -etiquette/cultured/skilful
–played often + regularly
– purpose built facilities + equipment
–not local but upper class could afford to travel to play
what were the Wenlock Olympic Games?
Dr William Penny Brooks created the Wenlock games in October 1850
– set up to promote moral, physical + intellectual improvements for lower classes
–included athletics, running, hurdles… involving written rules
–Penny Brooks also helped by introducing Pe into schools
what was rational recreation?
sports + pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled (19th century)
what were the characteristics of rational recreation?
–regular participation
– highly structured with complex written rules
– spectators
–skill bases not force based
– developed by MC
–complex equipment, facilities + referees
what was the industrial revolution?
the change form the feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society
– controlled by the MC
what were the initial impacts of industrialisation?
–poor health== due to lack of hygiene
– lack of income== low wages + poverty rates high
–long working days
–lack of public provision
–migration of lower classes into urban areas(urbanisation)
–loss of rights + changes in criminal laws
how did the initial impacts of industrialisation impact sports?
–lack of ability to play due to illnesses
-little spare time for leisure
–no access to private facilities + no personal equipment
– less space for recreational activities
– restricted mob games + blood sports due to criminal activity
how were the initial negative effects of industrialisation improved?
–public baths introduced to improve hygiene
– increase in wages
–Factory Act= Saturday half-days– so more time for sports
– industrial patronage= factory teams set up to decrease absenteeism + encourage loyalty
–improved transport + communications– so teams could travel to play
–MC changed behaviour and play in sport – so values of athleticism improved
what were the impacts of urbanisation?
–lack of space
–large working class population
–loss of traditional sports
– change in working conditions
what did the transport revolution cause?
–movement of teams+ spectators == nationwide fixtures
– improved access to country
–cheaper train travel
–improved access to countryside == reachable activities
what was the influence of the Church on sport?
–provided facilities for sports- halls
–encouraged civilised behaviour
–organised sport teams- e.g: Aston Villa
–used sports to get more people to Church
– Sunday school got more young people involved in sports
what is social control?
the way in which people thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
what is codification?
the gradual organisation + defining of rules
how did codification impact sports + who took part in this?
-Middle class
– developed leagues through MC involvement in public schools
–move to professionalism- MC acted as agents– setting up teams + paying players
–sport became increasingly popular + there was more widespread play
– more clubs and teams formed
how did the British Empire impact sports?
–teachers- taught traditional sporting values
–factory owners- set up factory teams
–clergy- develop teams + provide facilities
– diplomats- took sports on their travels and introduced in to other countries/areas
– national governing bodies (NGB’S)- codified sports + established leagues and competitions
how did public provisions improve?
-development of public baths
– Wash Houses Act 1846== to combat disease and improve productivity at work – social control
what are the barriers to women in sport?
–stereotypes
–lack of media coverage
–lack of role models
–lack of sponsorship
–lack of leisure time
–fewer competitions
what are the strategies to combat the barriers to women in sport?
–increased media coverage = more role models
–more sponsorship/ paid or full-time positions
–provide education to overcome stereotypes
–use of social media to create networks
–laws + legislation to punish sexist behaviour/ sex discrimination
female officials in sport
-limited numbers
-didn’t receive media coverage at lower levels
-womens superleague officials not working full-time yet
-sexist abuse puts others off pursuing this route
-limited opportunities due to lower number of competitions
what has caused the recent surge in womens football?
–equal opportunities
–increased media coverage
–more female role models
–school PE programmes
–support + encouragement from FA
–more clubs to increase opportunities
–more funding to increase participation
–increased free time
womens role change in society
–suffragettes made progress for womens rights + get the vote
–WWI status increased as they did mens jobs
–less emphasis on domestic role
–got more education via state schools
–began to earn more personal money = more freedom
sporting opportunites for women
–very restricted compared to MC men
–accepted first by MC women
–more school involvement + provision of PE
–more competitive opportunities
–sport organisations established
–achievements of women athletes now seen as role models
explain the characteristics of lawn tennis
–women could get involved
–accepted by MC
–removed some stereotypes + myths
–played in girls schools
what is the difference between lawn tennis + other sports
–fully clothed
–in privacy walled gardens
–social rather than sporting/competitive event
what were the factors affecting the emergence of elite female performers?
–womens sport boosted by initiatives; Sport England + This Girl Can
