Pre-industrial, Industrial + Post-industrial Sport

Question 1

what were the characteristics of pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 1

-communication + transport was limited
- widespread illiteracy
- cruel or violent existences were the norm for lower classes
-limited free time
-very little skill
-clear class divisions- two-tier society
-sport played infrequently/ on Holy days
- used natural resources for sports
-sports were aggressive and violent
-male-dominated

Question 2

what was the feudal system?

Answer 2

a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour

Question 3

what was popular recreation?

Answer 3

the sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain

Question 4

how did popular recreations reflect socio-cultural factors of pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 4

–limited transport /communication== sport local and specific to each community
–illiteracy.uneducated== very basic rules a + specific to communities
–harsh society== aggressive activities, injuries and damage to property
–long working hours== activities were occasional + restricted
–pre-industrial revolutions== activities played in towns and rural areas
–two-tier society/feudal== wagers placed by upper class

Question 5

what were the characteristics of mob football?

Answer 5

–played occasionally/Holy days
–no clear division of labour/little strategy
–no pitch- so used common ground between villages
–minimal equipment + facilities available
–locally based as poor transport/communication
–little-no rules due to illiteracy

Question 6

why was mob football banned?

Answer 6

–very violent/unruly in nature
–led to injuries
–damage to property
–involved gambling/wagering
–linked to alcohol consumption/ dunked behaviour

Question 7

what were the characteristics of real tennis?

Answer 7

–played by the upper class- considered civilised
– complex rules with strategy + skill
– specialised kit, equipment and some facilities
–played by men
–high moral code

Question 8

how was real tennis different to other popular recreations/ mob football?

Answer 8

–it had written + complex rules
– it wasn’t cruel or violent -etiquette/cultured/skilful
–played often + regularly
– purpose built facilities + equipment
–not local but upper class could afford to travel to play

Question 9

what were the Wenlock Olympic Games?

Answer 9

Dr William Penny Brooks created the Wenlock games in October 1850
– set up to promote moral, physical + intellectual improvements for lower classes
–included athletics, running, hurdles… involving written rules

–Penny Brooks also helped by introducing Pe into schools

Question 10

what was rational recreation?

Answer 10

sports + pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled (19th century)

Question 11

what were the characteristics of rational recreation?

Answer 11

–regular participation
– highly structured with complex written rules
– spectators
–skill bases not force based
– developed by MC
–complex equipment, facilities + referees

Question 12

what was the industrial revolution?

Answer 12

the change form the feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society
– controlled by the MC

Question 13

what were the initial impacts of industrialisation?

Answer 13

–poor health== due to lack of hygiene
– lack of income== low wages + poverty rates high
–long working days
–lack of public provision
–migration of lower classes into urban areas(urbanisation)
–loss of rights + changes in criminal laws

Question 14

how did the initial impacts of industrialisation impact sports?

Answer 14

–lack of ability to play due to illnesses
-little spare time for leisure
–no access to private facilities + no personal equipment
– less space for recreational activities
– restricted mob games + blood sports due to criminal activity

Question 15

how were the initial negative effects of industrialisation improved?

Answer 15

–public baths introduced to improve hygiene
– increase in wages
–Factory Act= Saturday half-days– so more time for sports
– industrial patronage= factory teams set up to decrease absenteeism + encourage loyalty
–improved transport + communications– so teams could travel to play
–MC changed behaviour and play in sport – so values of athleticism improved

Question 16

what were the impacts of urbanisation?

Answer 16

–lack of space
–large working class population
–loss of traditional sports
– change in working conditions

Question 17

what did the transport revolution cause?

Answer 17

–movement of teams+ spectators == nationwide fixtures
– improved access to country
–cheaper train travel
–improved access to countryside == reachable activities

Question 18

what was the influence of the Church on sport?

Answer 18

–provided facilities for sports- halls
–encouraged civilised behaviour
–organised sport teams- e.g: Aston Villa
–used sports to get more people to Church
– Sunday school got more young people involved in sports

Question 19

what is social control?

Answer 19

the way in which people thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems

Question 20

what is codification?

Answer 20

the gradual organisation + defining of rules

Question 21

how did codification impact sports + who took part in this?

Answer 21

-Middle class
– developed leagues through MC involvement in public schools
–move to professionalism- MC acted as agents– setting up teams + paying players
–sport became increasingly popular + there was more widespread play
– more clubs and teams formed

Question 22

how did the British Empire impact sports?

Answer 22

–teachers- taught traditional sporting values
–factory owners- set up factory teams
–clergy- develop teams + provide facilities
– diplomats- took sports on their travels and introduced in to other countries/areas
– national governing bodies (NGB’S)- codified sports + established leagues and competitions

Question 23

how did public provisions improve?

Answer 23

-development of public baths
– Wash Houses Act 1846== to combat disease and improve productivity at work – social control

Question 24

what are the barriers to women in sport?

Answer 24

–stereotypes
–lack of media coverage
–lack of role models
–lack of sponsorship
–lack of leisure time
–fewer competitions

Question 25

what are the strategies to combat the barriers to women in sport?

Answer 25

–increased media coverage = more role models
–more sponsorship/ paid or full-time positions
–provide education to overcome stereotypes
–use of social media to create networks
–laws + legislation to punish sexist behaviour/ sex discrimination

Question 26

female officials in sport

Answer 26

-limited numbers
-didn’t receive media coverage at lower levels
-womens superleague officials not working full-time yet
-sexist abuse puts others off pursuing this route
-limited opportunities due to lower number of competitions

Question 27

what has caused the recent surge in womens football?

Answer 27

–equal opportunities
–increased media coverage
–more female role models
–school PE programmes
–support + encouragement from FA
–more clubs to increase opportunities
–more funding to increase participation
–increased free time

Question 28

womens role change in society

Answer 28

–suffragettes made progress for womens rights + get the vote
–WWI status increased as they did mens jobs
–less emphasis on domestic role
–got more education via state schools
–began to earn more personal money = more freedom

Question 29

sporting opportunites for women

Answer 29

–very restricted compared to MC men
–accepted first by MC women
–more school involvement + provision of PE
–more competitive opportunities
–sport organisations established
–achievements of women athletes now seen as role models

Question 30

explain the characteristics of lawn tennis

Answer 30

–women could get involved
–accepted by MC
–removed some stereotypes + myths
–played in girls schools

Question 31

what is the difference between lawn tennis + other sports

Answer 31

–fully clothed
–in privacy walled gardens
–social rather than sporting/competitive event

Question 32

what were the factors affecting the emergence of elite female performers?

Answer 32

–womens sport boosted by initiatives; Sport England + This Girl Can