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PE ALEVEL > Memory Models > Flashcards

Memory Models Flashcards

1
Q

what is information processing?

A

the ability to take in info around you, process it and then make decisions prior to the execution of the skill

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2
Q

what is the input stage?

A

how performers use various senses to collect and use info from the display

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3
Q

what is the display?

A

the sporting environment

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4
Q

what do the receptor systems do?

A

pick up info for input

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5
Q

what are the receptor systems and which ones are internal/external?

A

external= sight + hearing/auditory

internal= balance, kinaesthesis + touch

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6
Q

explain how each of the senses are used?

A

sight= pick up visual cues quickly to gain an advantage + improve performance

auditory/hearing= listening to audio cues

touch= can allow you to make adjustments to your starting position/ or when performing. skill to improve execution

balance= must be able to adjust balance whilst performing

kinaesthesis= inner sense gives info about the body position + muscular tension

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7
Q

what is decision making?

A

the filtering of information collected from the display into relevant and irrelevant info

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8
Q

what is selective attention?

A

the filtering of relevant info from irrelevant info

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9
Q

why is selective attention beneficial to a performer?

A

–it improves reaction time
–it allows more time to initiate a response
– it improves the chances of making correct decisions
– it allows greater concentration on crucial aspects of the task/skill
–it aids the decision making process by limiting the amount of info to process

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10
Q

what may be some negatives to selective attention?

A

– it is automatic/done subconsciously so needs practising to improve
–it can cause info overload so performer cant process effectively

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11
Q

what are some ways to develop selective attention?

A
  • bright coloured stimulus
  • mental preparation techniques
    -coach motivation
    -mimicking real situations in training
    -strategies to help focus on relevant stimulus (loud noises/distractions)
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12
Q

what are all the stages of Whitings information processing model?

A

display-> receptor systems-> central mechanism (percetual -> translatory -> effector) -> muscular system/output -> feedback data

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13
Q

what does the perceptual mechanism do and what does it consist of?

A

-
-DCR===
-detection= performer has picked up relevant info via receptor systems + identified importance using selective attention

  • comparison= comparing info identified with info from long term memory

-recognition= performer uses appropriate info from the memory to identify a response

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14
Q

what does the translatory system do?

A

uses coded info from perceptual mechanism and past experiences to select an appropriate motor programme

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15
Q

what does the effector mechanism do?

A

nervous system delivers decisions made to muscles as coded impulses so that action can be performed

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16
Q

what does the muscular system/output do?

A

appropriate muscles contract

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17
Q

what is the feedback data?

A

feedback received that tells the athlete how well they performed– which is then stored in the LTM for the next time a similar display is witnessed

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18
Q

why is feedback data important?

A
  • helps to correct any errors made in performance to improve future outcomes
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19
Q

what did Baddeley + Hitch create?

A

–the Working Memory model
– the idea of separate sections by which different parts of the memory worked on different display cues
–exists within the short term memory –which can only deal with about 7 items of info at a time

20
Q

what are the four parts of the working memory model?

A

-central executive
-phonological loop
-visuo-spatial sketchpad
-episodic buffer

21
Q

what is the function of the central executive?

A

controls what enters and leaves the memory and moves info into one of the sub-systems

22
Q

what is the function of the phonological loop?

A

deals with the auditory info + helps to produce a memory trace

23
Q

what is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

creates a picture in your mind, providing a temporary store of visual and spatial info

24
Q

what is the function of the episodic buffer?

A

coordinates all aspects of visual, auditory and spatial info into sequences, so it all makes sense in a logical order
–then uses the long term memory to stores sequences as motor programmes or compare existing motor programmes for a appropriate skill to be selected

25
Q

how can the working memory be used in sport?

A

–coaching can focus on athletes strengths and weaknesses
–teaching and coaching
–to broaden experiences/ benefits of varied practice
–demonstrates power of visual, verbal and manual guidance so helps to piece together a skill quicker

26
Q

what is reaction time?

A

the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response// time taken for info processing to occur
–takes place over a fraction of a second and involves NO movement

27
Q

what is an example of reaction time used in sport?

A

–the time taken from hearing the starting gun until you’re just about to push off the blocks

28
Q

what is movement time?

A

the time taken to complete the task
–happens after info processing has occurred

29
Q

what is an example of movement time?

A

the time between pushing off the blocks and crossing the finish line

30
Q

what is response time?

A

the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task

response time= reaction time + movement time

31
Q

what is an example of response time?

A

the time from hearing the start gun to crossing the finish line

32
Q

what is simple reaction time?

A

–there is only one option in response to a stimulus
–response needs to be fast
–closed skills

33
Q

what is choice reaction time?

A

–there is more than one stimulus to choose from and maybe more than one response to make
–response time much slower
–open skills//teams games

34
Q

what is Hicks law?

A

reaction time increases as the number of choices increases

35
Q

what is the single channel hypothesis?

A

=only one stimulus can be processed at a time
- 1st stimulus must be processed before the 2nd one can be attended to
- helps to explain hicks law as more choices = greater reaction time

36
Q

what is the psychological refractory period?

A

-the delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
-often means completely disregarding the 1st stimuli

37
Q

define anticipation.

A

a pre-judgement of a stimuli

38
Q

how can anticipation be achieved?

A

–from recognising cues from an opponent
–from research prior to competition or picked up on during performance

39
Q

what is temporal anticipation?

A

anticipating WHEN the stimuli is going to happen

40
Q

what is spatial anticipation?

A

anticipating WHERE + WHAT is going to happen

41
Q

how can you improve response time?

A

-anticipation
-mental practice
-training using specific stimuli
-concentration + focus
-improving fitness

42
Q

Explain the components of Schmidts Schema Theory

A

–RECALL:
>initial conditions= use of the senses to identify the important info from the display
>response specifications= info from the display used to assess options + make a judgement

–RECOGNITION:
>sensory consequences= use of the internal senses to guide movement. KOP used
>response outcome= use of KOR to update the schema for next time

43
Q

what is involved in Schmidts Schema Theory?

A

-adapting existing motor programmes from LTM
-using environmental cues + feedback to develop motor programmes
-useful in transfer of skills

44
Q

how can generalised motor programmes be adapted?

A
  1. sequence of muscle contractions
  2. force of muscle contraction
  3. time between muscle contractions
45
Q
A

PE ALEVEL (27 decks)

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