Memory Models Flashcards
what is information processing?
the ability to take in info around you, process it and then make decisions prior to the execution of the skill
what is the input stage?
how performers use various senses to collect and use info from the display
what is the display?
the sporting environment
what do the receptor systems do?
pick up info for input
what are the receptor systems and which ones are internal/external?
external= sight + hearing/auditory
internal= balance, kinaesthesis + touch
explain how each of the senses are used?
sight= pick up visual cues quickly to gain an advantage + improve performance
auditory/hearing= listening to audio cues
touch= can allow you to make adjustments to your starting position/ or when performing. skill to improve execution
balance= must be able to adjust balance whilst performing
kinaesthesis= inner sense gives info about the body position + muscular tension
what is decision making?
the filtering of information collected from the display into relevant and irrelevant info
what is selective attention?
the filtering of relevant info from irrelevant info
why is selective attention beneficial to a performer?
–it improves reaction time
–it allows more time to initiate a response
– it improves the chances of making correct decisions
– it allows greater concentration on crucial aspects of the task/skill
–it aids the decision making process by limiting the amount of info to process
what may be some negatives to selective attention?
– it is automatic/done subconsciously so needs practising to improve
–it can cause info overload so performer cant process effectively
what are some ways to develop selective attention?
- bright coloured stimulus
- mental preparation techniques
-coach motivation
-mimicking real situations in training
-strategies to help focus on relevant stimulus (loud noises/distractions)
what are all the stages of Whitings information processing model?
display-> receptor systems-> central mechanism (percetual -> translatory -> effector) -> muscular system/output -> feedback data
what does the perceptual mechanism do and what does it consist of?
-
-DCR===
-detection= performer has picked up relevant info via receptor systems + identified importance using selective attention
- comparison= comparing info identified with info from long term memory
-recognition= performer uses appropriate info from the memory to identify a response
what does the translatory system do?
uses coded info from perceptual mechanism and past experiences to select an appropriate motor programme
what does the effector mechanism do?
nervous system delivers decisions made to muscles as coded impulses so that action can be performed
what does the muscular system/output do?
appropriate muscles contract
what is the feedback data?
feedback received that tells the athlete how well they performed– which is then stored in the LTM for the next time a similar display is witnessed
why is feedback data important?
- helps to correct any errors made in performance to improve future outcomes
what did Baddeley + Hitch create?
–the Working Memory model
– the idea of separate sections by which different parts of the memory worked on different display cues
–exists within the short term memory –which can only deal with about 7 items of info at a time
what are the four parts of the working memory model?
-central executive
-phonological loop
-visuo-spatial sketchpad
-episodic buffer
what is the function of the central executive?
controls what enters and leaves the memory and moves info into one of the sub-systems
what is the function of the phonological loop?
deals with the auditory info + helps to produce a memory trace
what is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
creates a picture in your mind, providing a temporary store of visual and spatial info
what is the function of the episodic buffer?
coordinates all aspects of visual, auditory and spatial info into sequences, so it all makes sense in a logical order
–then uses the long term memory to stores sequences as motor programmes or compare existing motor programmes for a appropriate skill to be selected
how can the working memory be used in sport?
–coaching can focus on athletes strengths and weaknesses
–teaching and coaching
–to broaden experiences/ benefits of varied practice
–demonstrates power of visual, verbal and manual guidance so helps to piece together a skill quicker
what is reaction time?
the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response// time taken for info processing to occur
–takes place over a fraction of a second and involves NO movement
what is an example of reaction time used in sport?
–the time taken from hearing the starting gun until you’re just about to push off the blocks
what is movement time?
the time taken to complete the task
–happens after info processing has occurred
what is an example of movement time?
the time between pushing off the blocks and crossing the finish line
what is response time?
the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task
response time= reaction time + movement time
what is an example of response time?
the time from hearing the start gun to crossing the finish line
what is simple reaction time?
–there is only one option in response to a stimulus
–response needs to be fast
–closed skills
what is choice reaction time?
–there is more than one stimulus to choose from and maybe more than one response to make
–response time much slower
–open skills//teams games
what is Hicks law?
reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
what is the single channel hypothesis?
=only one stimulus can be processed at a time
- 1st stimulus must be processed before the 2nd one can be attended to
- helps to explain hicks law as more choices = greater reaction time
what is the psychological refractory period?
-the delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
-often means completely disregarding the 1st stimuli
define anticipation.
a pre-judgement of a stimuli
how can anticipation be achieved?
–from recognising cues from an opponent
–from research prior to competition or picked up on during performance
what is temporal anticipation?
anticipating WHEN the stimuli is going to happen
what is spatial anticipation?
anticipating WHERE + WHAT is going to happen
how can you improve response time?
-anticipation
-mental practice
-training using specific stimuli
-concentration + focus
-improving fitness
Explain the components of Schmidts Schema Theory
–RECALL:
>initial conditions= use of the senses to identify the important info from the display
>response specifications= info from the display used to assess options + make a judgement
–RECOGNITION:
>sensory consequences= use of the internal senses to guide movement. KOP used
>response outcome= use of KOR to update the schema for next time
what is involved in Schmidts Schema Theory?
-adapting existing motor programmes from LTM
-using environmental cues + feedback to develop motor programmes
-useful in transfer of skills
how can generalised motor programmes be adapted?
- sequence of muscle contractions
- force of muscle contraction
- time between muscle contractions
