paper 2 - 2021 questions Flashcards
Describe how sodium bicarbonate works to delay fatigue. (2 marks)
- Increases the buffering capacity of the blood (1)
- Reduces acidity/neutralises the effect of lactic acid/hydrogen ions (1)
- Delays the onset of blood lactate accumulation/delays OBLA (1)
State one negative effect of taking sodium bicarbonate. (1 mark)
- Vomiting (1)
- Diarrhoea (1)
- Bloating (1)
- Stomach cramps (1)
State one exercise-related function of carbohydrates. (1 mark)
- Source of energy (1)
Katarina Johnson-Thompson is a heptathlete competing in multiple events over two days.
Analyse why a lack of sleep between the two days of competition may impair her
recovery and performance. (3 marks)
- Lack of non-REM sleep/third stage less blood available to muscles to help recovery, leading to KJT performing below expectations on the second day (1)
- Insufficient sleep can reduce growth hormone production, meaning fatigue caused by the first day’s events takes longer to repair, reducing the standard of performance in the second day’s events (1)
- Lack of sleep can increase the risk of injury due to reduced concentration/lack of time to repair, could lead to KJT having to compete in the second day’s events whilst not fully fit (1)
- Lack of sleep can cause tiredness, which can affect KJT’s concentration/delay her reaction time leading to a slow start in sprinting events (1)
A runner has followed a continuous training programme three times per week for the last six weeks to prepare for a 5 km race.
The race is scheduled to take place in four weeks’ time.
Analyse how applying the FITT principles to the runner’s training could improve their
performance during the race. (8 marks)
AO1 Knowledge of the FITT principles:
* Frequency, how often training is carried out.
* Intensity, how hard you train.
* Time, the duration of your training.
* Type, the method used during your training.
AO2 Application of the FITT principles to the runner’s training:
* The runner could increase the number of training sessions they carry out each week, eg training 4 times per week instead of 3.
* The runner could increase the intensity of their training sessions by working at a higher average heart rate/higher average speed.
* The runner could increase the duration of their training sessions, eg training for 40 minutes instead of 30 minutes.
* The runner could use a different method of training, eg Interval/Fartlek training instead of continuous training.
AO3 Analysis of how applying the FITT principles to a runner’s training could improve their performance:
* Application of the FITT principles to the runner’s training would allow for progressive overload ensuring adaptations continue.
* Increase cardiac output/increase A-VO2 diff/increase myoglobin content/increased lactate threshold, allowing the runner to work at higher intensities for longer without fatiguing.
* Develop the aerobic power necessary to run at a set intensity for prolonged periods, maintaining a consistently fast pace throughout the race.
* Using Fartlek/Interval training stresses both the anaerobic and aerobic energy systems, developing fitness required to undertake a sprint finish during the race.
Figure 2 represents the principle of conservation of angular momentum applied to a gymnast as they perform a front tuck somersault.
Analyse how the gymnast makes use of the principle of conservation of angular momentum when performing a front tuck somersault.
Refer to Figure 2 in your answer. (15 marks)
AO1: Knowledge of the principle of conservation of angular momentum:
* Angular momentum is the quantity of rotation a body possesses, and is a product of moment of inertia and angular velocity/angular momentum = moment of inertia X angular velocity.
* Moment of inertia is a body’s reluctance to rotation/reluctance to alter its rate of rotation.
* Angular velocity is the rate of rotation of a body around its axes of rotation.
* Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity.
* The principle of conservation of angular momentum states that angular momentum remains constant, if moment of inertia decreases, angular velocity increases and vice versa.
AO2: Application of the principle of conservation of angular momentum when the gymnast performs a front tuck somersault:
* Moment of inertia is high at the start and the end of the somersault but low in the middle of the movement.
* Angular velocity is low at both the start and the end of the somersault but high in the middle.
* Angular acceleration is occurring as the performer begins the somersault, and angular deceleration
occurs as they complete the somersault.
* Angular velocity is low at the start and end of the somersault as they go into and come out of the
somersault, slowing the rate of rotation.
* Angular momentum remains constant throughout the somersault.
AO3: Analysis of how the principle of conservation of angular momentum affects the gymnast when performing a front tuck somersault:
* The gymnast is in an open position initially, resulting in a large moment of inertia, resulting in a low angular velocity.
* The gymnast gets into a tucked position. As mass is distributed closer to their centre of mass this reduces their moment of inertia and increases their angular velocity/rate of rotation.
* The angular acceleration as a result of the gymnast’s reduced moment of inertia, and increased angular velocity allow a full rotation to occur quickly, allowing the gymnast time to land safely.
* As the gymnast opens out from the tucked position, their moment of inertia increases, mass is distributed further from the centre of mass and angular velocity decreases/angular deceleration, allowing the gymnast to slow down prior to landing, maintaining control.
* Angular momentum remains constant as the gymnast manipulates their body position to reduce moment of inertia and increase angular velocity whilst maintaining angular momentum.
Define ‘aggression’ and ‘assertive behaviour’. Give a sporting example of each. (4 marks)
Aggression:
* intent to cause harm outside of the rules of the sport (1)
* eg punching/kicking an opponent in rugby/football (1)
Assertive behaviour:
* a forceful act within the rules of the sport (1)
* eg tackling an opponent forcefully, but legally in football/rugby/hockey (1)
State three strategies a coach can use to prevent a performer behaving aggressively
in a competitive situation. (3 marks)
- Punish/substitute the performer for behaving aggressively (1)
- Reinforce non-aggressive behaviour/promote non-aggressive role models (1)
- Talk to the performer during a break in play (1)
- Practice thought-stopping/mental rehearsal/imagery/other stress management techniques in
training/before the match (1) - Assign the performer to a position of responsibility in the team (1)
The rowers carry out their roles individually, but at the same time, relying on co-ordination to be successful.
Evaluate the impact of task and social cohesion on the performance of a rowing crew. (3 marks)
Impact of task cohesion (sub-max = 1)
* Strong task cohesion is (most) important to performance, having co-ordination/high levels of motivation to achieve a common goal is crucial for successful performance as a crew (1)
Impacts of social cohesion, and task and social cohesion combined (sub-max = 2):
* Social cohesion can impact positively on the rowing crew’s performance − if the crew socialise together frequently they may be willing to exert even more effort in training and competition (1)
* Social cohesion could be detrimental to performance if cliques form, increasing likelihood of social loafing, reducing the effort/agreement to execute tactics (1)
* High levels of both task and social cohesion may bring about better performances than having either high task or high social cohesion alone (1)
The diver in Figure 4 may use cognitive techniques such as mental rehearsal, visualisation and imagery to manage stress immediately before performance.
Analyse how the diver could use other cognitive stress management techniques to improve their performance in a competition. Refer to catastrophe theory in your answer. (8 marks)
AO1: Knowledge of cognitive stress management techniques and catastrophe theory:
* Attentional control and cue utilisation involves choosing the correct style of attention for the right circumstances.
* Thought-stopping involves saying a particular word or carrying out a particular action to divert attention away from negative thoughts.
* Positive self-talk involves using an uplifting phrase to replace negative thoughts.
* Catastrophe theory suggests that arousal beyond optimal results in the sudden/dramatic decline in performance.
AO2: Application of cognitive stress management techniques and catastrophe theory to the diver:
* When using attentional control the diver may focus on a weakness such as their entry position using a narrow internal style/the end of the diving platform using a narrow external style/may select a particular diving routine in response to their competitors’ scores using a broad internal style.
* When the diver has negative thoughts such as ‘I cannot complete this dive’ thought-stopping could involve the diver clicking fingers/clapping hands to prevent this.
* Diver may say a familiar phrase before each dive, eg ‘you have nailed this dive in training hundreds of times’.
* According to catastrophe theory, if the diver fails to control negative thoughts/self-doubt they may perform poorly/experience a sudden drop in performance levels, such as mistiming the dive.
AO3: Analysis of how the diver could use other cognitive stress management techniques to improve their performance in a competition:
* Positive self-talk/thought-stopping can be used to divert attention away from negative thoughts, helping to moderate cognitive anxiety levels.
* If the diver chooses the correct attentional style then information overload can be avoided, lowering cognitive anxiety.
* If cognitive anxiety is moderated effectively by using these cognitive stress management techniques arousal levels will be optimal leading to a good performance/catastrophe can be avoided.
* If stress management techniques are used effectively the timing/entry/aesthetics of the dive are likely to be improved benefitting performance.
* If cognitive anxiety is not controlled and somatic anxiety is high over-arousal can cause a dramatic/sudden decline in performance/lead to catastrophe.
A coach can use observations, questionnaires or physiological measures to obtain data on anxiety levels.
Evaluate the use of each measure to provide valid and reliable data to assess anxiety in sport. (15 marks)
AO1 Knowledge of observations, questionnaires, physiological measures, validity, and reliability:
* Questionnaires are a series of questions used to assess the levels of anxiety experienced by a performer.
* Observations involve watching a performer during competition to assess signs of anxiety evident in their performance.
* Physiological measures monitor symptoms of somatic anxiety including increased heart rate, perspiration/sweating, respiration rate, secretion of certain hormones/adrenaline.
* Validity describes whether the data collected actually measures what it sets out to measure.
* Reliability refers to the degree to which data collection is consistent and stable over time.
AO2 Explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of observations, questionnaires, and physiological measures to assess anxiety in sport:
Advantages of observations, questionnaires, and physiological measures:
* questionnaires are quick/cheap/efficient to use allowing large amounts of data to be collected
* observations are carried out whilst the performer is training or competing allowing the coach to assess anxiety in the most relevant environment
* physiological measures provide objective numerical data and can be carried out in a real-life training/competitive environment.
Disadvantages of observations, questionnaires, and physiological measures:
* the questions in a questionnaire may not be fully understood or be biased meaning the performer’s responses are not a true reflection of a performer’s anxiety levels
* the performer’s responses to questionnaires might be affected by their mood/when and how they are asked to respond/performers may not respond honestly
* observations are highly subjective and require prior knowledge of the performer.
* observations are very time consuming
* physiological measures must be interpreted as all changes will not be due to anxiety
* using any method where the performer is aware they are being assessed may alter their behaviour/responses/make them more anxious.
AO3: Evaluation of the use of observations, questionnaires, or physiological measures to assess anxiety in sport with specific reference to validity and reliability:
Measures are valid/reliable:
* questionnaire responses can provide reliable information as they allow the performer time to consider their answers and typical responses
* observations/physiological measures can provide valid information on anxiety levels as the performer is observed/physiological measures can be taken in a real life setting
* the data from physiological measures is objective/is not affected by the performer’s
mood/situational factors which makes it more reliable.
Measures are not valid/reliable:
* if questions within questionnaires are inappropriate/biased/misunderstood by the performer the results may not be valid
* the reliability of observations is questionable as the observer may draw different conclusions
when presented with the same information
* using any method where the performer is aware they are being assessed may alter their behaviour/responses/make them more anxious which decrease the validity of the data.
Evaluate the effectiveness of three different measures put in place to improve
spectator safety at football matches.
(3 marks)
- All-seater stadia reduce risk of overcrowding, improving safety, but ensuring all spectators sit is difficult to enforce (1)
- Earlier kick-off times reduce the opportunity to drink alcohol prior to games, reducing levels of violence, but spectators drink after the game instead leading to violence (1)
- Sale of alcohol is controlled inside stadia, and in the surrounding area, reducing likelihood of violence, but spectators drink before entering the stadium meaning violence still occurs (1)
- Tougher deterrents for hooliganism, racism and anti-social behaviour, including fines, imprisonment and life-time bans, but hooliganism, racism and anti-social behaviour still occur, showing deterrents have not been effective (1)
- CCTV/increased policing/increased security/intelligence mean that those breaking law/rules can be ejected from the stadium and banned, but persistent offenders who have been banned are still able to enter stadia on occasions/escape identification (1)
- Segregation of home and away fans inside the stadium prevents violence between fans, however rival fans able to meet outside the stadia before or after matches (1)
One function of sports analytics is game analysis.
State two other functions of sports analytics. (2 marks)
- Monitor fitness for performance (1)
- Assess the development of the skill/techniques of a performer (1)
- Reduce/prevent injuries from occurring (1)
- Identify talented individuals/scouting (1)
Explain how technology can be used to carry out game analysis in a team sport. (2 marks)
- Video analysis can be used to assess the technical performance of individual players/the number of successful passes completed/shooting accuracy/interceptions (1)
- GPS data can be used to assess effort of individual players/the total distance covered, the number of sprints/high intensity effort carried out (1)
Using testing and recording equipment such as a metabolic cart for indirect calorimetry can provide useful information about performance.
Describe what a metabolic cart is and how it can be used to carry out indirect
calorimetry. (3 marks)
- Includes headgear, a computer, a screen and breathing tubes (1)
- Indirect calorimetry measures the volume of O2 consumed and CO2 produced (1)
- This can be used to calculate RER/which fuels are being used to sustain activity at a set intensity (1)
