paper 2 - 2020 questions Flashcards
Describe how using a hyperbaric chamber can aid recovery
(3 marks)
- Highly pressurised environment containing 100% oxygen/O2 (1).
- High concentrations/pressure of oxygen/O2 results in larger quantities being inhaled (1).
- Haemoglobin becomes fully saturated with oxygen/O2 (1).
- Larger quantities of oxygen/O2 reaching the injured area (1).
- Reduces swelling (1).
- Stimulates white blood cell production/Increased activity of white blood cells (1)
- Removes lactic acid (1).
Explain the benefits of including weight training as part of a rugby player’s training
regime. (4 marks)
- Improves strength/power, which can help the rugby player with tackling/mauling/ scrums/stability when being tackled
- Improves muscular endurance, which can help the rugby player perform repeated passes/break through several tackles
- Increased strength can make an athlete more robust/resistant to injury, increasing playing time /the impact they may have upon their team’s performance (1).
- Use of free weights can replicate movements/demands of sport, developing neural pathways/develop strength in specific muscles/muscle groups, leading to more consistently co-ordinated/accurate skill production, eg line out movement (1)
Discuss the importance of fat intake to an endurance athlete.
(4 marks)
Positive (sub-max 3 marks):
* Source of energy for low intensity exercise, allows the endurance athlete to meet the demands of training/race/less fatigue/keeping running for longer (1).
* Spares glycogen stores, to be used in the closing stages of an event (1).
* Used for absorption of fat soluble vitamins maintaining bone density, reducing the risk of injuries, eg stress fractures (1).
* Important for maintaining health, vital for optimal performance in training and competition (1).
Negative (sub-max 3 marks):
* Too much fat can lead to heart/vascular disease, leading to the endurance athlete being unable to train (1).
* Too much fat can lead to weight gain making the endurance runner inefficient/energy wasted on carrying additional weight the endurance athlete will therefore fatigue sooner/reduce stamina (1)
* Other components of fitness may reduce e.g. decreased flexibility leading to inefficient running action/reduced speed leading to poor sprint finish (1).
Adam Peaty has set multiple new world records in the 100 m breaststroke.
Table 1 shows his performances in some major championships over a two-year period.
Year and competition:
2016 Olympic Games =57.13 (world record) 1st
2018 European Championships = 57.00 (world record) 1st
Analyse how Adam Peaty would use Macro, Meso and Micro cycles to achieve these
performances. (8 marks)
AO1 Indicative Content: knowledge of Macro, Meso and Micro cycles:
* A Macro cycle is a long-term period of training, typically one year/4 years.
* A Meso cycle is a medium-term block of training, typically spanning between 4–12 weeks.
* A Micro cycle is a short-term block of training, typically one week, or a few days.
* Cycles are part of periodisation
* The cycles are used to taper/peak.
AO2 Indicative Content: application to performance:
* The Macro cycle could be focussed upon swimming a personal best time in the final of a major championship, such as Olympic Games.
* Mesocycles would be focused on a specific aspect of training such as focusing on swimming speed/reaction time off the blocks/race preparation
* A single Micro cycle would include pool-based speed work for four days and two days of land-based training, eg flexibility/strength training.
* If intensity of training increases, eg shorter, harder sessions, the volume of his training will be reduced, fewer sessions in each micro cycle.
* Peaty will taper his training, reducing the volume and or intensity of the training that is undertaken in the days leading up to the event.
AO3 Indicative Content: analysis of how dividing training into Macro, Meso and Micro cycles affects performance:
* Planning meso and micro cycles which are designed with a specific component of fitness/area for development in mind can help to focus an athlete’s attention, rewarding progress that is made.
* Dedicating a Meso cycle to an area of performance that needs to be developed, eg speed endurance, likely to result in improvements that will directly impact performance.
* Using Macro, Meso and Micro cycles can help Peaty to maintain high levels of motivation, by setting goals specific to each cycle, monitoring progress in each case.
* Tapering can help to avoid overtraining, reducing the likelihood of injury and reversibility.
* Tapering training in the lead up to an important event allows for physical and psychological rest and recuperation, allowing peaking to occur.
* Well planned training divided into Macro, Meso and Micro cycles makes it more likely that Peaty will peak at the right time, performing optimally in major championships.
Analyse how the gymnast is able to perform this explosive movement successfully. (a gymnast performing a leap as part of a beam routine)
Refer to Newton’s Laws of linear motion and the recruitment of muscle fibres in your
answer. (15 marks)
AO1 Indicative Content: knowledge of Newton’s Laws and the recruitment of muscle fibres:
* Newton’s first law of linear motion - Law of Inertia - a body will remain in a state of rest or uniformmotion until a force acts upon it.
* Newton’s second law of linear motion - Law of Acceleration - acceleration is directly proportionate to the magnitude of the force produced and is governed by the direction the force is applied/ Force = mass x acceleration.
* Newton’s third law of linear motion - Law of Action/Reaction - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
* A motor unit consists of a motor neurone and all the muscle fibres it stimulates.
* The ‘All or None Law’ states that if a motor unit receives sufficient stimulation an action potential will be released and all the fibres in that motor unit will contract.
* Spatial summation – An action potential is released when the threshold is achieved due to the summation (adding together) of impulses from multiple areas.
* Wave summation – Additional action potentials reach the muscle fibres before they have had time to fully relax, resulting in a build-up of calcium, and smooth tetanic contractions.
AO2 Indicative Content: application of Newton’s Laws and the recruitment of muscle fibres during the leap, or similar movement:
* The gymnast must produce a muscle contraction/force to overcome their inertia and jump.
* As the mass of the gymnast remains constant, the acceleration of the gymnast is equal to the muscular force they produce.
* At take-off, the force produced by the gymnast’s muscle contractions will be applied to the beam, the beam then applies an equal and opposite force back onto the gymnast.
* Spatial summation will meet the threshold for action potentials to be released in more motor units/bigger motor units/fast-twitch motor units.
* All movements will involve tetanic contractions as they require more than a single muscular twitch.
AO3 Indicative Content: analysis of Newton’s laws and the recruitment of muscle fibres to perform the movement successfully:
* The recruitment of more motor units/bigger motor units/fast-twitch motor units will maximise the force produced to overcome inertia.
* It will also increase the acceleration of the gymnast as this is directly proportional to the force produced.
* The larger downward force being applied to the beam, will result in a larger upward force being the applied by the beam to the gymnast.
* These factors will result in the gymnast being able to jump higher, giving them more time in the air to complete an aesthetically pleasing movement, scoring them more points.
* The gymnast will have to apply the muscular force to the beam at the correct angle to maximise the take-off angle, as too flat a jump may limit their time in the air and lead to point deductions.
* The tetanic contractions produced as a result of wave summation will result in smooth and aesthetically pleasing movements, scoring the gymnast more points.
Learned helplessness can be general or specific. Define both of these terms.
-General learned helplessness
-Specific learned helplessness
(2 marks)
General learned helplessness:
Self-doubt, or a lack of belief that affects an individual in a range of situations/the belief they’re unable to perform in all aspects of a sport or even all sports (1).
Specific learned helplessness:
Self-doubt, or a lack of belief that affects an individual in a situation/a performer feeling they’re unable to perform well in one particular position or when executing one type of tactic (1).
The work of Hollander and Lewin are examples of an interactionist perspective of personality.
Explain how interactionist perspectives account for the varied behaviour of a netballer who is repeatedly fouled during two different games. (4 marks)
- Netball player may react aggressively in one game and calm in the other (1).
- Reactions in one match could be due to the netball player’s trait/core trait is to stay calm/beaggressive (1).
- In the other match react differently due to environmental factors/have learned to act
differently (1) - Such as if it is an important match/against a rival/team is losing/winning (1)
- Response can be controlled in certain circumstances, eg when the umpire or coach is watching/inside the D or area of the court where a sanction may directly impact the result (1).
- If the player has position of responsibility, eg captain, less likely to respond angrily/more likely to set a good example (1).
In the 2011 Masters, Rory McIlroy was four shots ahead going into the final round. However, due to a sudden decline in performance, he finished 10 shots behind the eventual winner.
Analyse the factors linked to arousal which led to such a dramatic and sudden decline
in performance. (8 marks)
AO1 Indicative Content: knowledge of the relevant factors linked to arousal:
Correct names of theories must be included in the candidate’s response to award a mark.
* Arousal is a state of energised alertness, a readiness to perform and drive to achieve.
* Arousal gradually increases until optimal arousal is reached/zone of optimal functioning.
* Catastrophe theory suggests that arousal beyond optimal results in a sudden/dramatic decline in
performance.
* The dramatic decline is caused by a combination of high cognitive anxiety and high somatic anxiety.
Accept appropriately labelled diagrams to support demonstration of knowledge.
No credit for mentioning other theories related to arousal, eg Drive theory or Inverted ‘U’
AO2 Indicative Content: application of knowledge of how arousal can affect performance:
* McIIroy had optimal levels of arousal in earlier rounds/moderate arousal in early rounds meant McIlroy was in the zone of optimal functioning.
* McIlroy then experienced catastrophe.
* Golf is a fine and complex skill, which requires low levels of arousal.
* McIlroy experienced over arousal and cognitive anxiety due to negative thoughts/self-doubt, eg
“what happens if I miss this putt?”/“what if I mess this up from such a commanding position”.
* Importance of the occasion/competitors playing well/playing a poor stroke or shot/can lead to increased cognitive anxiety/negative thoughts/self-doubt.
AO3 Indicative Content: analysis of the factors linked to arousal which led to such a dramatic and sudden decline in performance:
* As a result of over-arousal putting would have been less accurate, driving off the tee would have been misdirected, this would have led to further anxiety.
* Over arousal causes attention to be too narrow, missing vital cues which will negatively affect performance, eg focussing on the putting action rather than the run of the green.
* Once McIlroy started to perform badly, cognitive anxiety increases further, causing a dramatic decline that it is almost impossible to recover from during the performance, resulting in even the most basic of errors occurring.
* McIlroy’s use of stress management techniques would have been ineffective as his performance continued to decline.
England, ranked 11th in the world, were knocked out of the 2016 European Championships by Iceland, a team ranked 34th in the world.
Losing the match 2–1 represented a significant under-achievement for the England football team.
Analyse the faulty group processes which could have caused this defeat and the
strategies which can be used to address specific faulty processes. (15 marks)
AO1 Indicative Content: knowledge of factors causing faulty group processes and the strategies to address faulty processes:
* Steiner’s model suggests Actual Productivity = Potential productivity – Losses due to faulty group processes.
* Faulty group processes caused by co-ordination and motivational losses.
* Social loafing – motivational losses due to lack of confidence or feeling under-valued.
* Ringelmann effect, the effort exerted by group members, larger groups can result in less effort
being exerted by each individual.
* Strategies: social activities, video analysis, performance goals, establishing clear roles, praising/rewarding cohesive behaviour.
AO2 Indicative Content: application of knowledge of factors which negatively affect group productivity and the strategies to address faulty processes:
Application of factors:
* England may have suffered from co-ordination losses, such as tactics not working, positional role unclear, lack of communication between players, not employing coaches’ tactics.
* England may have suffered motivational losses, such as social loafing - players may not track back/work hard to win the ball back when they are losing.
* England squad would have had a large squad meaning Ringelmann effect may have occurred as players may have been lost in the squad.
Application of strategies:
* England manager could have arranged social activities before the tournament started to develop social cohesion e.g. team building activities.
* Manager could have set whole team goals, such as further progression in the tournament, or individual performance goals such as increasing completion rate of passing during a match.
* Manager could have ensured roles were clear e.g. establishing clear roles during set plays.
* Manager could have praised players who were demonstrating good team play, such as tracking back when the ball had been lost.
* Employ GPS tracking during training/matches, capturing the distances covered, tackles made.
AO3 Indicative Content: Analysis of factors which negatively affect group productivity and the strategies to address faulty processes:
Analysis of factors:
* Co-ordination losses could have resulted in set plays breaking down, players being out of position, meaning a loss of productivity and poor team performance.
* Motivational losses could have meant that players were not trying as hard as others, leading to resentment and a breakdown in cohesion.
* Large group size could have meant that players felt lost or undervalued resulting in them having low confidence or not trying as hard, meaning cohesion and productivity was reduced.
Analysis of Strategies:
* Social activities to develop cohesion could have resulted in an increase in social cohesion, meaning the players support and trust one and other and want to play for each other.
* Praise players for effort regardless of whether they receive the ball/directly affect the play, consistently doing so may make all players contributions valued, maintaining motivation.
* Employ GPS tracking during training/matches, capturing the distances covered, tackles made, may reduce the Ringelmann effect, players will know their efforts are monitored at all times
increasing motivation/reducing social loafing as they cannot hide.
* Performance goals in the form of individual challenges which are reviewed after each match can reduce social loafing as each performer has a target to reach which will motivate them.
State two causes of performer violence. Give a sporting example for each. (4 marks)
- Retaliation/abuse/provocation from an opponent/spectators (AO1) (1).
- A player being racially abused by an opponent/spectator/reacting to a bad tackle (AO2) (1).
- Win ethic/win at all costs attitude (AO1) (1).
- Intentionally provoking an aggressive response from an opponent in order to gain an advantage/deliberately injury a player to prevent a goal (AO2) (1).
- Emotional intensity/importance of the event/over arousal (AO1) (1).
- Local derby match/cup final/excitement leading to a violent challenge (AO2) (1).
- Poor officiating or frustration with match officials (AO1) (1).
- A vital decision such as a goal/try/ball landing in or out being made/being perceived to have been made incorrectly (AO2) (1).
- Nature of the sport (AO1) (1).
- American football/Rugby are sports with lots of physical contact which could overspill into violence (AO2) (1).
- Frustration with own performance (AO1) (1).
- Unable to get near the ball/being marked out of the game/passing below usual standard (AO2) (1).
The Olympic Oath was introduced in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Since then, the Olympic Oath has been taken by all competitors in the games.
Discuss whether the Olympic Oath is still relevant in the modern-day Olympic Games.
(4 marks)
Oath is still relevant in modern-day games (sub-max 3 marks):
* Stringent drug testing shows the continued importance of fair competition (1).
* Punishment for deviant behaviour during Olympics such as badminton players in London 2012 disqualified for a lack of effort (1)
* Amateurism is still encouraged as there is no prize money or appearance fees awarded by the IOC (1).
* There is still evidence of fair play/sportsmanship during the games such as helping injured opponents to complete races (1).
Oath is no longer relevant in modern-day games (sub-max 3 marks):
* Doping/drug taking by individuals/state-sponsored programmes undermine the importance of the Oath (1).
* Athletes have been shown to be involved in other deviant behaviour, such as gamesmanship, which undermines the promises made in the Oath (1).
* Commercialisation of sport/financial rewards associated with success may make the oath less relevant/inclusion of professionals in Olympics has led to a greater win ethic/win-at-all-costs attitude can lead to oath being broken (1).
By August 2019, 69 athletes had failed drugs tests using samples taken during the London 2012 Olympics.
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used for eliminating the use of performance
enhancing drugs in sport.
(15 marks)
AO1 Indicative Content: knowledge of drug prevention strategies:
* Educate athletes/coaches of the risks associated with taking performance enhancing drugs.
* Use of high-profile role models such as former athletes who competed drug free successfully. * Investment in drug screening/detection, and research in detecting athletes taking PEDs
* Co-ordination between nations drug testing regulations.
* More frequent, randomised drug testing conducted.
* Stricter punishments for those found guilty of using PEDs.
AO2 Indicative Content: application of knowledge of drug prevention strategies:
* UKAD education programme – ‘100% Me’ programme, used to educate young athletes of the dangers/moral issues of taking PEDs.
* High-profile, successful athletes - Sir Chris Hoy, act as role models for young athletes.
* State-of-the-art WADA accredited laboratories worldwide
* Whereabouts system - athletes know they can be tested at any time, in any location.
* Standardised set of testing protocols/140 countries now apply the same procedures - athletes are now more likely to be caught regardless of the nation they represent.
* Biological passport, detailing normal physiological characteristics, makes it easier to detect abnormally high levels of naturally occurring performance enhancing substances, eg EPO.
* Lifetime bans for those found doping/having to return money from earnings, endorsements and sponsorship/prison sentences, these measures act as a financial deterrent.
AO3 Indicative Content: evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-doping strategies.
Effective:
* Co-operation between governing bodies/agencies has led to more consistent regulations/stricter protocols/standardised list of banned substances/consistent punishments/testing regime.
* A co-ordinated approach helps to share the increasing cost of testing and screening more consistently by all sports and countries.
* Samples are kept and tested for up to 10 years after major events, meaning athletes can be caught and punished even after the event.
* Whereabouts system is effective because athletes cannot avoid being tested
* Harsher punishments, eg returning earnings/losing titles/prison sentence will act as a very effective deterrent/could mean athletes lose careers/sponsorship, which will act as a deterrent.Ineffective
* Reaching athletes in training camps abroad is difficult, making random testing challenging to conduct.
* Drugs and masking agents are constantly being developed, those who take PED’s one step ahead of the authorities/testing is not always reliable.
* Some countries have still not signed up to the internationally recognised, WADA guidelines for drug testing athletes, resulting in an inconsistent approach.
* Athletes and coaches exploit loop holes in regulations, eg therapeutic use exemption (TUE).
* The potential rewards linked to success, eg fame/infamy and fortune may be too tempting forsome to resist.
