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PE ALEVEL > Biomechanical movement > Flashcards

Biomechanical movement Flashcards

1
Q

what is fluid mechanics?

A

the study of an object or human body that travels through any liquid or gas

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2
Q

what is dynamic fluid force?

A

-study of fluids and how forces affect them
-movement of liquids and gases
- e.g: drag + lift

drag= cycling, sprinting, swimming
lift= ball, discus, javelin

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3
Q

what is drag force?

A

-anything that slows something down
-resistance force caused by the motion of the body travelling through a liquid
-acts against motion + negatively impacts velocity
-produced from air resistance + friction

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4
Q

what are the two types of drag force?

A

surface + form

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5
Q

what is surface drag force?

A

between object surface and fluid environment

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6
Q

what is form drag force?

A

between environment and object

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7
Q

What are the ways to reduce forces acting on a cyclist whilst racing?

A
  • friction- by using thin/high pressured tyres + by streamlining
    -reduce frontal cross-sectional area, creating a smooth flow around the cyclist
    -reduce surface friction of air on a cyclist by changing body shape to smooth airflow behind cyclist
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8
Q

what are the factors that affect drag?

A
  • velocity of the moving body- greater velocity= greater drag= reduced by streamlining

-cross-sectional area of moving body- larger area=greater drag

-shape + surface characteristics of a moving body- streamlined aerodynamic shape reduces drag

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9
Q

what is the Bernoulli principle for a discus?

A

-air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel
-body forms an aerofoil shape - creating the angle of attack to the direction of motion
-air travels further and faster over the top of the discus = lower pressure on top
-Bernoulli force formed from high to low pressure
-air tries to move from high to low= lift force
-so flight path is assymetrical + flight path lengthens - so discus travels further

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10
Q

what is the Bernoulli principle for a cyclist?

A

-air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel
-body forms an aerofoil shape - creating an angle of attack to the direction of motion
-air travels further and faster under cyclist = lower pressure under cyclist
-Bernoulli force applied from high to low pressure = down force

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11
Q

what is Newtons first law?

A

-Law of INERTIA
-everybody continues in its state of res tor motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by external forces exerted upon it

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12
Q

what is inertia?

A

the resistance of an object has to change its state of motion

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13
Q

what is Newtons second law?

A

-Law of Acceleration
-the rate of a body is proportional to the force causing it + the change that takes place in the direction in which the force act
-the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the force causing the change

force= mass x acceleration

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14
Q

what is Newtons third law?

A

-Law of Action/Reaction
-to every action, there is an equal + opposite reaction

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15
Q

what does a vector quantity consist of?

A

magnitude and direction

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16
Q

what does a scalar quantity consist of?

A

only magnitude

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17
Q

what is the formula for speed?

A

distance/time

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18
Q

what is the formula for velocity?

A

displacement/ time

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19
Q

what is the centre of mass?

A

an imaginary point where we believe the mass of an object is concentrated

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20
Q

where is each component located in a first class lever?

A

from left to right: effort, fulcrum, load

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21
Q

what is the first class lever involved in?

A

neck and elbow extension

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22
Q

where is each component located in the second class lever?

A

from left to right: fulcrum, resistance, effort

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23
Q

what is the second class lever involved in?

A

plantarflexion of the ankle

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24
Q

where is each component located in the third class lever?

A

from left to right: fulcrum, effort, resistance

25
Q

what is the third class lever involved in?

A

hip, knee, elbow flexion and knee extension

26
Q

what is mechanical advantage?

A

when the force arm is longer than the resistance arm
> so you can move a larger load over a short distance, requiring little force
>small range of movement
>difficult to generate speed + distance

27
Q

what is mechanical advantage dependent on?

A

the length of the effort arm and resistance arm

28
Q

define effort arm.

A

distance between the fulcrum and effort

29
Q

define resistance arm.

A

distance between the fulcrum and resistance

30
Q

what is mechanical disadvantage?

A

when the resistance arm is longer than the force/effort arm
>cannot move heavy loads
>can move faster
>large ROM

31
Q

what are the mechanical advantages of the second class lever?

A

– generate large forces
–has to lift whole body weight

32
Q

what are the mechanical disadvantages of the second class lever?

A

–slow
–limited ROM

33
Q

what are the mechanical advantages of the first + third class levers?

A

–larger ROM
–any resistance can be moved quickly

34
Q

what are the mechanical disadvantages of the first + third class levers?

A

–cannot apply much force to move an object

35
Q

what is the formula to work out mechanical advantage?

A

length of effort arm/ length of resistance arm

36
Q

define mass.

A

the quantity of matter a body possesses

37
Q

what is an impulse?

A

a measure of a force applied over time

38
Q

what is the formula to work out impulse?

A

force X time
–newton seconds (Ns)

39
Q

what is the formula for momentum?

A

mass X velocity

40
Q

what does this impulse graph show ?

A

positive impulse is larger that the negative impulse = acceleration

41
Q

what does this impulse graph show?

A

positive impulse is equal to the negative impulse = constant speed

42
Q

what does this impulse graph show?

A

positive impulse is smaller than the negative impulse = deceleration

43
Q

what are the external forces that can act on a person or object?

A

–air resistance
–gravity/weight

44
Q

what is angular momentum?

A

the quantity of rotation a body possesses

45
Q

what is the formula for angular momentum?

A

moment of inertia X angular velocity

46
Q

what is angular velocity?

A

speed of rotation

47
Q

what is the formula for angular velocity?

A

angular displacement/ time

48
Q

what are the factors affecting the distance an object travels/ horizontal displacement

A

–height of release
–speed of release
–angle of release

49
Q

what is the angle of release dependent on?

A

–release height
–landing height

50
Q

what affects the flight path of an object?

A

– weight of the object
–air resistance acting on the object

51
Q

what is a parabolic flight path?

A

the flight path of a projectile in the absence of air resistance

52
Q

when does a parabolic flight path occur?

A

if the weight is the dominant force and the air resistance is less effective

53
Q

what is horizontal displacement?

A

the shortest distance from the starting point to the finishing point

54
Q

what is torque?

A

the force created that turns the body around an axis

55
Q

how does a performer decrease their angular motion?

A

–increase their moment of inertia an decrease their angular velocity
–by opening their limbs

56
Q

how does a performer increase their angular motion?

A

–decrease their moment of inertia and increase their angular velocity
–by tucking in their limbs

57
Q

what is the first angular law?

A

a rotating body will continue with constant torque until a large enough external force is acted upon it

58
Q

what is the second angular law?

A

the rate of change of angular motion is proportional to the force changing it

59
Q

what is the third angular law?

A

when torque is applied, there will always be an equal and opposite force

PE ALEVEL (27 decks)

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