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Pharmacology > Practice Test > Flashcards

Practice Test Flashcards

1
Q

The primary associated problem with most traditional sedative and antihistamine medications is

a. sedation
b. runny nose
c. watery eyes
d. increased coughing

A

sedation

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2
Q

Most common nasal decongestants act by _____ receptors in the nasal mucosa.

a. inhibiting beta-1
b. stimulating alpha-1
c. stimulating beta-1
d. inhibiting alpha-1

A

stimulating alpha 1

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3
Q

High doses and prolonged or excessive use of nasal decongestants is potentially harmful because these drugs

a. all are true
b. can increase heart rate
c. can mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
d. can increase blood pressure

A

all are true

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4
Q

Drugs that decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions are known commonly as _______, whereas drugs that facilitate the production and ejection of mucus are known commonly as ________.

a. bronchodilators; antihistamines
b. mucolytics; expectorants
c. antihistamines; bronchodilators
d. expectorants; mucolytics

A

mucolytics; expectorants

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5
Q

To selectively produce bronchodilation, a drug should _____ receptors in airway smooth muscle

a. stimulate beta-2
b. inhibit beta-1
c. stimulate beta-1
d. inhibit beta-2

A

stimulate beta 2

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6
Q

Treatment of bronchospasm in conditions like asthma are often treated with commercial products that combine ____ with _____.

a. an acetylcholine agonist; a beta-2 receptor antagonist
b. a beta-2 receptor agonist; an acetylcholine agonist
c. an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor agonist
d. an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor antagonist

A

an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor agonist

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7
Q

Most antacid medications contain a chemical base that neutalizes excess _____ ions in the stomach, thereby _____ intragastric pH.

a. sodium; increasing
b. sodium; decreasing
c. hydrogen; increasing
d. hydrogen; decreasing

A

hydrogen; increasing

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8
Q

Drugs such as cimetidine and ranitidine that selectively block histamine type 2 (H2) receptors on stomach parietal cells

all are true

are available only by prescription

are known as antihistamines

prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid

A

prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid

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9
Q

In many people with gastric ulcers, antibacterial drugs are often combined with proton pump inhibitors to help eliminate ________ infection as a potentiating factor in ulcer formation.
e. coli

girardia

h. pylori

streptococcal

A

h. pylori

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10
Q

Natural and synthetic opioid drugs _____ gastrointestinal motility, and are therefore useful in treating _____.

increase; diarrhea

decrease; constipation

decrease; diarrhea

increase; constipation

A

decrease; diarrhea

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11
Q

Daily or indiscriminate use of laxatives should be avoided because excessive use of these drugs can cause
irritation of the lower GI tract

impairment of loss of normal mechanisms governing evacuation and defecation

all are true

excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes

A

all are true

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12
Q

Opioid analgesics are also known commonly as _______ because they tend to have sedative or sleep-inducing side effects and high doses can produce a state of unresponsiveness and stupor.

naturopathic

narcotics

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

neuroleptics

A

narcotics

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13
Q

Opioid drugs exert their analgesics effects by binding to the same receptors as

endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

anabolic steroids (testosterone)

the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

A

endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)

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14
Q

Morphine and many other powerful opioids exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the

beta opioid receptor

mu opioid receptor

beta adrenergic receptor

alpha adrenergic receptor

A

mu opoioid receptor

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15
Q

By blocking all opioid receptors, opioid antagonists such as nalmefene and naloxone are used primarily to
treat diarrhea

treat severe, acute postoperative pain

treat severe chronic pain

treat opioid overdose

A

treat opioid overdose

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16
Q

Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (e.g., injected into an inflamed joint) because

opioids cause vasoconstriction in peripheral tissues

opioids decrease the production of inflammatory substances in peripheral tissues

opioids increase vasodilation in peripheral tissues

opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.

A

opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.
?

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17
Q

When used to treat pain, opioids can be administered by all of the following routes EXCEPT

intrathecally

inhalation

transdermally

intravenously

A

inhalation

?

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18
Q

In addition to their use as analgesics, opioid drugs can also be administered

to treat severe diarrhea

all are true

as a cough suppressant

as a preoperative medication

A

all are true

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19
Q

Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with opioid drugs?

orthostatic hypotension

increased respiration

sedation

constipation

A

increased respiration

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20
Q

The onset of withdrawal symptoms (body aches, shivering, sweating, and so forth) after sudden discontinuation of opioid analgesics is an example of

anaphylaxis

physical dependence

psychological dependence

drug tolerance

A

physical dependence

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21
Q

NSAIDs such as aspirin exhibit all of the following effects EXCEPT

the ability to relieve mild-to-moderate pain (analgesia)

the ability to decrease the elevated body temperature associated with fever (antipyresis)

the ability to decrease inflammation

the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma

A

the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma

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22
Q

NSAIDs exert their therapeutic effects by _____ the ______ enzyme.

inhibiting; cyclooxygenase

stimulating; cyclooxygenase

inhibiting; acetylcholinesterase

stimulating; acetylcholinesterase

A

inhibiting; cyclooxygenase

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23
Q

The _____ form of the cyclooxygenase enzyme seems to be responsible for producing beneficial prostaglandins that help maintain or protect function in specific tissues such as the stomach and kidneys

COX-3

COX-2

COX-4

COX-1

A

COX-1

24
Q

Which of the following conditions is not normally treated with aspirin or other NSAIDs?

mild to moderate pain

mild to moderate inflammation

fever in adults

asthma

A

asthma

25
Q

In addition to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, it appears that regular use of low-dose aspirin may also help prevent

ischemic strokes

colorectal cancer

heart attacks

all are true

A

all are true

26
Q

The most common problem associated with NSAIDs such as aspirin is

fever

sedation

gastrointestinal damage

dizziness

A

gastrointestinal damage

27
Q

In theory, a COX-2 selective drug such as celecoxib will be less likely to cause gastric irritation because

patients taking COX-2 drugs are older than patients taking traditional NSAIDs

COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach

COX-2 drugs are coated so that the drug does not dissolve until it reaches the small intestine.

COX-2 drugs are less acidic than traditional NSAIDs

A

COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach

28
Q

Aspirin ______ be used to treat fever in children because this drug may cause _____.

should; elevated body temperature

should; Reye syndrome

should not; elevated body temperature

should not; Reye syndrome

A

should not; Reye syndrome

29
Q

Several COX-2 selective inhibitors such as rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been taken off the market because these drugs can cause serious side effects such as

kidney failure

liver failure

heart attack and stroke

brain tumors

A

heart attack and stroke

30
Q

Aspirin and acetaminophen are different because

acetaminophen is more toxic to the stomach than aspirin

acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects

acetaminophen is less toxic to the liver than aspirin

acetaminophen does not have antipyretic effects

A

acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects

31
Q

Drugs used to relax the patient and promote sleep are classified

antidepressants

sedative-hypnotics

antipsychotics

neuroleptics

A

sedative-hypnotics

32
Q

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) act by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

dopamine

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

acetylcholine

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

33
Q

Diazepam (Valium) and other benzodiazepines bind to specific GABA receptors in the CNS, and inhibit neuronal activity by _____ the conductance of ______ ions into the neuron.

decreasing; sodium

increasing; chloride

increasing; sodium

increasing; potassium

A

increasing; chloride

34
Q

Upon reaching the brain, most antidepressant drugs affect

amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine

acetylcholine

carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose

amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin

A

amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin

35
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants work by ______ the reuptake of ______ into the presynaptic terminal of certain CNS neurons.

increasing; amine neurotransmitters

inhibiting; amino acids

inhibiting; amine neurotransmitters

increasing; amino acids

A

inhibiting; amine neurotransmitters

36
Q

Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the ______ enzyme allow more amine neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft and continue to exert an effect in CNS synapses involved in depression.

choline acetyltransferase

monoamine oxidase

sodium-potassium ATPase

cholinesterase

A

monoamine oxidase

37
Q

Certain newer or second-generation antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft) have received attention because of their ability to selectively affect ______ reuptake at certain CNS synapses.

norepinephrine

dopamine

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

acetylcholine

A

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

38
Q

Insulin _____ the storage of glucose in skeletal muscle and other tissues, thereby _____ plasma glucose levels after a meal.

decreases; decreasing

decreases; increasing

increases; increasing

increases; decreasing

A

increases; decreasing

39
Q

All of the following are characteristics of type I diabetes mellitus EXCEPT

pancreatic insulin production is low or absent

tissue sensitivity to insulin is low

disease onset usually occurs in childhood

body weight is usually at or below normal levels

A

tissue sensitivity to insulin is low

40
Q

The primary problem in type 2 diabetes is _____.

decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin

increased release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells

decreased release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells

increased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin

A

decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin

41
Q

Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (e.g., sulfonylureas) or increase tissue sensitivity to insulin (e.g. metformin)

all are true

are effective in some patients with Type II diabetes.

are used to treat patients with poor glucagon production

are effective in some patients with Type I diabetes.

A

are effective in some patients with Type II diabetes.

42
Q

People who are on insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus are more at risk for hypoglycemia if

they administer too much insulin

they skip a meal

all are true

they exercise too strenuously

A

all are true

43
Q

Parkinson disease typically occurs because of the slow, progressive degeneration of specific _______-

norepinephrine; cerebellum

serotonin; limbic system

acetylcholine; cortex

dopamine; basal ganglia

A

dopamine; basal ganglia

44
Q

Neuronal death that occurs in Parkinson disease may ultimately be caused by the formation of harmful byproducts of oxygen metabolism, better known as

cholinesterase inhibitors

free radicals

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

dopamine antagonists

A

free radicals

45
Q

Oral administration of dopamine is NOT effective in the treatment of Parkinson disease because dopamine is

digested in the stomach

unable to pass from the blood stream into the brain

degraded into L-DOPA in the blood stream

degraded by dopa decarboxylase in the blood stream

A

unable to pass from the blood stream into the brain

46
Q

With regard to levodopa administration, “end-of-dose akinesia” describes the phenomenon where

drug effects follow an on-off pattern throughout the day

levodopa seems to become less effective when it is administered for prolonged periods (3 to 4 years)

the effectiveness of levodopa seems to wear off prior to the next dose

a patient experiences hallucinations and other psychotropic effects of levodopa

A

drug effects follow an on-off pattern throughout the day

47
Q

Diazepam (Valium) appears to work as a muscle relaxant by increasing the inhibitory effect of ____ on alpha motor neuron activity in the spinal cord.

norepinephrine

acetylcholine

gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)

epinephrine

A

gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)

48
Q

Long term use of diazepam (Valium) as a muscle relaxant is often limited due to problems with

tolerance

sedation

physical dependence

all are true

A

all are true

49
Q

Intrathecal administration of baclofen typically refers to drug delivery into

the third ventricle of the brain

the subarachnoid space

a sympathetic chain ganglion

the epidural space

A

the subarachnoid space

50
Q

The drug that inhibits spasticity by selectively inhibiting calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum is

tizanidine

diazepam

baclofen

dantrolene sodium

A

dantrolene sodium

51
Q

Botulinum toxin is used to treat spasticity by injecting this drug

subcutaneously

directly into the spastic muscle

intravenously

intrathecally

A

directly into the spastic muscle

52
Q

The muscle relaxant that directly inhibits acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminals at the skeletal neuromuscular junction is

baclofen

tizanidine

dantrolene sodium

botulinum toxin

A

botulinum toxin

53
Q

Antibacterial drugs work by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT inhibition of

bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

bacterial intracellular calcium release

bacterial cell wall synthesis and function

bacterial protein synthesis

A

bacterial intracellular calcium release

54
Q

Tendon pain and inflammation (tendinopathy) that can be severe and ultimately lead to tendon rupture may be caused by

fluoroquinolones

penicillins

tetracyclines

vancomycin

A

fluoroquinolones

55
Q

Rehabilitation interventions that use ultraviolet irradiation (UV light) should be used cautiously in people taking antibacterial drugs because antibacterial drugs may cause

tendinopathy

photosensitivity

renal failure

pulmonary edema

A

photosensitivity

56
Q

Viral infections are often more difficult to treat than other types of infections because

viruses contain organelles (ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.) that are naturally resistant to antiviral drugs

viruses penetrate into human cells, and cannot be easily killed without harming the human cell

virus particles are much larger in size than other infectious microorganisms such as bacteria

virus particles are much larger in size than human cells and the pharmacodynamics of anti-virals often kill human cells

A

virus particles are much larger in size than human cells and the pharmacodynamics of anti-virals often kill human cells

57
Q

Interferons are small proteins that

exert nonspecific antiviral activity

control cell differentiation

all are true

limit excessive cell proliferation

A

exert nonspecific antiviral activity

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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