Practice Test Flashcards
The primary associated problem with most traditional sedative and antihistamine medications is
a. sedation
b. runny nose
c. watery eyes
d. increased coughing
sedation
Most common nasal decongestants act by _____ receptors in the nasal mucosa.
a. inhibiting beta-1
b. stimulating alpha-1
c. stimulating beta-1
d. inhibiting alpha-1
stimulating alpha 1
High doses and prolonged or excessive use of nasal decongestants is potentially harmful because these drugs
a. all are true
b. can increase heart rate
c. can mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
d. can increase blood pressure
all are true
Drugs that decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions are known commonly as _______, whereas drugs that facilitate the production and ejection of mucus are known commonly as ________.
a. bronchodilators; antihistamines
b. mucolytics; expectorants
c. antihistamines; bronchodilators
d. expectorants; mucolytics
mucolytics; expectorants
To selectively produce bronchodilation, a drug should _____ receptors in airway smooth muscle
a. stimulate beta-2
b. inhibit beta-1
c. stimulate beta-1
d. inhibit beta-2
stimulate beta 2
Treatment of bronchospasm in conditions like asthma are often treated with commercial products that combine ____ with _____.
a. an acetylcholine agonist; a beta-2 receptor antagonist
b. a beta-2 receptor agonist; an acetylcholine agonist
c. an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor agonist
d. an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor antagonist
an anti-inflammatory steroid; a beta-2 receptor agonist
Most antacid medications contain a chemical base that neutalizes excess _____ ions in the stomach, thereby _____ intragastric pH.
a. sodium; increasing
b. sodium; decreasing
c. hydrogen; increasing
d. hydrogen; decreasing
hydrogen; increasing
Drugs such as cimetidine and ranitidine that selectively block histamine type 2 (H2) receptors on stomach parietal cells
all are true
are available only by prescription
are known as antihistamines
prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid
prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid
In many people with gastric ulcers, antibacterial drugs are often combined with proton pump inhibitors to help eliminate ________ infection as a potentiating factor in ulcer formation.
e. coli
girardia
h. pylori
streptococcal
h. pylori
Natural and synthetic opioid drugs _____ gastrointestinal motility, and are therefore useful in treating _____.
increase; diarrhea
decrease; constipation
decrease; diarrhea
increase; constipation
decrease; diarrhea
Daily or indiscriminate use of laxatives should be avoided because excessive use of these drugs can cause
irritation of the lower GI tract
impairment of loss of normal mechanisms governing evacuation and defecation
all are true
excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes
all are true
Opioid analgesics are also known commonly as _______ because they tend to have sedative or sleep-inducing side effects and high doses can produce a state of unresponsiveness and stupor.
naturopathic
narcotics
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
neuroleptics
narcotics
Opioid drugs exert their analgesics effects by binding to the same receptors as
endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
anabolic steroids (testosterone)
the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
endogenous opioids (endorphins, enkephalins)
Morphine and many other powerful opioids exert their primary analgesic effects by binding to the
beta opioid receptor
mu opioid receptor
beta adrenergic receptor
alpha adrenergic receptor
mu opoioid receptor
By blocking all opioid receptors, opioid antagonists such as nalmefene and naloxone are used primarily to
treat diarrhea
treat severe, acute postoperative pain
treat severe chronic pain
treat opioid overdose
treat opioid overdose
Preliminary studies on animals suggest that opioids can exert analgesic effects when administered directly into peripheral tissues (e.g., injected into an inflamed joint) because
opioids cause vasoconstriction in peripheral tissues
opioids decrease the production of inflammatory substances in peripheral tissues
opioids increase vasodilation in peripheral tissues
opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.
opioids may bind to receptors located on the distal (peripheral) ends of primary afferent (sensory) neurons.
?
When used to treat pain, opioids can be administered by all of the following routes EXCEPT
intrathecally
inhalation
transdermally
intravenously
inhalation
?
In addition to their use as analgesics, opioid drugs can also be administered
to treat severe diarrhea
all are true
as a cough suppressant
as a preoperative medication
all are true
Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with opioid drugs?
orthostatic hypotension
increased respiration
sedation
constipation
increased respiration
The onset of withdrawal symptoms (body aches, shivering, sweating, and so forth) after sudden discontinuation of opioid analgesics is an example of
anaphylaxis
physical dependence
psychological dependence
drug tolerance
physical dependence
NSAIDs such as aspirin exhibit all of the following effects EXCEPT
the ability to relieve mild-to-moderate pain (analgesia)
the ability to decrease the elevated body temperature associated with fever (antipyresis)
the ability to decrease inflammation
the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma
the ability to increase bronchodilation in conditions such as asthma
NSAIDs exert their therapeutic effects by _____ the ______ enzyme.
inhibiting; cyclooxygenase
stimulating; cyclooxygenase
inhibiting; acetylcholinesterase
stimulating; acetylcholinesterase
inhibiting; cyclooxygenase
The _____ form of the cyclooxygenase enzyme seems to be responsible for producing beneficial prostaglandins that help maintain or protect function in specific tissues such as the stomach and kidneys
COX-3
COX-2
COX-4
COX-1
COX-1
Which of the following conditions is not normally treated with aspirin or other NSAIDs?
mild to moderate pain
mild to moderate inflammation
fever in adults
asthma
asthma
In addition to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, it appears that regular use of low-dose aspirin may also help prevent
ischemic strokes
colorectal cancer
heart attacks
all are true
all are true
The most common problem associated with NSAIDs such as aspirin is
fever
sedation
gastrointestinal damage
dizziness
gastrointestinal damage
In theory, a COX-2 selective drug such as celecoxib will be less likely to cause gastric irritation because
patients taking COX-2 drugs are older than patients taking traditional NSAIDs
COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach
COX-2 drugs are coated so that the drug does not dissolve until it reaches the small intestine.
COX-2 drugs are less acidic than traditional NSAIDs
COX-2 drugs do not inhibit the production of beneficial prostaglandins in the stomach
Aspirin ______ be used to treat fever in children because this drug may cause _____.
should; elevated body temperature
should; Reye syndrome
should not; elevated body temperature
should not; Reye syndrome
should not; Reye syndrome
Several COX-2 selective inhibitors such as rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been taken off the market because these drugs can cause serious side effects such as
kidney failure
liver failure
heart attack and stroke
brain tumors
heart attack and stroke
Aspirin and acetaminophen are different because
acetaminophen is more toxic to the stomach than aspirin
acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects
acetaminophen is less toxic to the liver than aspirin
acetaminophen does not have antipyretic effects
acetaminophen does not have anti-inflammatory effects
Drugs used to relax the patient and promote sleep are classified
antidepressants
sedative-hypnotics
antipsychotics
neuroleptics
sedative-hypnotics
Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) act by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
dopamine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
acetylcholine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Diazepam (Valium) and other benzodiazepines bind to specific GABA receptors in the CNS, and inhibit neuronal activity by _____ the conductance of ______ ions into the neuron.
decreasing; sodium
increasing; chloride
increasing; sodium
increasing; potassium
increasing; chloride
Upon reaching the brain, most antidepressant drugs affect
amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine
acetylcholine
carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose
amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin
amine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin
Tricyclic antidepressants work by ______ the reuptake of ______ into the presynaptic terminal of certain CNS neurons.
increasing; amine neurotransmitters
inhibiting; amino acids
inhibiting; amine neurotransmitters
increasing; amino acids
inhibiting; amine neurotransmitters
Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the ______ enzyme allow more amine neurotransmitters to remain in the synaptic cleft and continue to exert an effect in CNS synapses involved in depression.
choline acetyltransferase
monoamine oxidase
sodium-potassium ATPase
cholinesterase
monoamine oxidase
Certain newer or second-generation antidepressants such as fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft) have received attention because of their ability to selectively affect ______ reuptake at certain CNS synapses.
norepinephrine
dopamine
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
acetylcholine
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
Insulin _____ the storage of glucose in skeletal muscle and other tissues, thereby _____ plasma glucose levels after a meal.
decreases; decreasing
decreases; increasing
increases; increasing
increases; decreasing
increases; decreasing
All of the following are characteristics of type I diabetes mellitus EXCEPT
pancreatic insulin production is low or absent
tissue sensitivity to insulin is low
disease onset usually occurs in childhood
body weight is usually at or below normal levels
tissue sensitivity to insulin is low
The primary problem in type 2 diabetes is _____.
decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin
increased release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells
decreased release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells
increased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin
decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin
Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (e.g., sulfonylureas) or increase tissue sensitivity to insulin (e.g. metformin)
all are true
are effective in some patients with Type II diabetes.
are used to treat patients with poor glucagon production
are effective in some patients with Type I diabetes.
are effective in some patients with Type II diabetes.
People who are on insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus are more at risk for hypoglycemia if
they administer too much insulin
they skip a meal
all are true
they exercise too strenuously
all are true
Parkinson disease typically occurs because of the slow, progressive degeneration of specific _______-
norepinephrine; cerebellum
serotonin; limbic system
acetylcholine; cortex
dopamine; basal ganglia
dopamine; basal ganglia
Neuronal death that occurs in Parkinson disease may ultimately be caused by the formation of harmful byproducts of oxygen metabolism, better known as
cholinesterase inhibitors
free radicals
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
dopamine antagonists
free radicals
Oral administration of dopamine is NOT effective in the treatment of Parkinson disease because dopamine is
digested in the stomach
unable to pass from the blood stream into the brain
degraded into L-DOPA in the blood stream
degraded by dopa decarboxylase in the blood stream
unable to pass from the blood stream into the brain
With regard to levodopa administration, “end-of-dose akinesia” describes the phenomenon where
drug effects follow an on-off pattern throughout the day
levodopa seems to become less effective when it is administered for prolonged periods (3 to 4 years)
the effectiveness of levodopa seems to wear off prior to the next dose
a patient experiences hallucinations and other psychotropic effects of levodopa
drug effects follow an on-off pattern throughout the day
Diazepam (Valium) appears to work as a muscle relaxant by increasing the inhibitory effect of ____ on alpha motor neuron activity in the spinal cord.
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)
epinephrine
gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA)
Long term use of diazepam (Valium) as a muscle relaxant is often limited due to problems with
tolerance
sedation
physical dependence
all are true
all are true
Intrathecal administration of baclofen typically refers to drug delivery into
the third ventricle of the brain
the subarachnoid space
a sympathetic chain ganglion
the epidural space
the subarachnoid space
The drug that inhibits spasticity by selectively inhibiting calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum is
tizanidine
diazepam
baclofen
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium
Botulinum toxin is used to treat spasticity by injecting this drug
subcutaneously
directly into the spastic muscle
intravenously
intrathecally
directly into the spastic muscle
The muscle relaxant that directly inhibits acetylcholine release from presynaptic terminals at the skeletal neuromuscular junction is
baclofen
tizanidine
dantrolene sodium
botulinum toxin
botulinum toxin
Antibacterial drugs work by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT inhibition of
bacterial nucleic acid synthesis
bacterial intracellular calcium release
bacterial cell wall synthesis and function
bacterial protein synthesis
bacterial intracellular calcium release
Tendon pain and inflammation (tendinopathy) that can be severe and ultimately lead to tendon rupture may be caused by
fluoroquinolones
penicillins
tetracyclines
vancomycin
fluoroquinolones
Rehabilitation interventions that use ultraviolet irradiation (UV light) should be used cautiously in people taking antibacterial drugs because antibacterial drugs may cause
tendinopathy
photosensitivity
renal failure
pulmonary edema
photosensitivity
Viral infections are often more difficult to treat than other types of infections because
viruses contain organelles (ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.) that are naturally resistant to antiviral drugs
viruses penetrate into human cells, and cannot be easily killed without harming the human cell
virus particles are much larger in size than other infectious microorganisms such as bacteria
virus particles are much larger in size than human cells and the pharmacodynamics of anti-virals often kill human cells
virus particles are much larger in size than human cells and the pharmacodynamics of anti-virals often kill human cells
Interferons are small proteins that
exert nonspecific antiviral activity
control cell differentiation
all are true
limit excessive cell proliferation
exert nonspecific antiviral activity
