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Pharmacology > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

This function of the pancreas is acinar cells produce and release pancreatic digestive enzymes

a. exocrine function
b. endocrine function

A

exocrine

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2
Q

This function is interspersed within the acinar tissue are clumps of tissue called islets of Langerhans

a. exocrine function
b. endocrine function

A

endocrine

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3
Q

What produces and secretes pancreatic hormones?

a. exocrine
b. endocrine

A

endocrine

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4
Q

_ cells produce glucagon

A

alpha

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5
Q

_ cells produce insulin

A

beta

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6
Q

_ cells produce somatostatin

A

delta

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7
Q

This functions to lower blood glucose by facilitating the entry of glucose into peripheral cells

A

insulin

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8
Q

Insulin attaches to _ surface receptors and the subunits cause activation of _ which then promote _ of glucose carriers to the _ then it causes facilitated _ of glucose into the cell

A 
target cell 
IRS (insulin receptor substrates) 
translocation 
cell membrane 
diffusion
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9
Q

What must be present for portals to open?

A

insulin

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10
Q

Insulin promotes storage of _ and _ in muscle and _ cells

A

proteins
lipids
adipose

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11
Q

What is the hormonal antagonist of insulin?

A

glucagon

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12
Q

Its primary job is to increase blood sugar levels and it occurs at the liver

a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. glucose
d. Langerhans

A

glucagon

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13
Q

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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14
Q

the formation of glucose from fatty acids and amino acids

A

gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Glucagon acts on the _ to change _ and _ into _

A

liver
proteins and fat
glucose

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16
Q

Normal blood glucose is between

A

80 and 90 mg/100 ml of blood

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17
Q

Hypoglycemia is

A

low blood glucose

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18
Q

Hyperglycemia is

A

high blood glucose

19
Q

Insulin and glucagon work (agonistically/antagonistically) to maintain normal levels

A

antagonistically

20
Q

Normal homeostasis after eating

A

glucose rises > insulin released > blood glucose level blood and enter cells > lowers blood glucose level > glucagon released stimulating glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise levels

21
Q

Diabetes is caused by insufficient _ secretions or decrease in the _ effects of insulin

A

insulin

peripheral

22
Q

Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness (True/false)

A

true

23
Q

Which type of diabetes is virus-triggered autoimmune disease that results in destruction of pancreatic beta cells

A

type I diabetes

24
Q

Type I is _ diabetes

A

insulin-dependent

25
Q

Which type of diabetes is caused by a decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin?

A

type II diabetes

26
Q

Type II is _ diabetes

A

non-insulin-dependent

27
Q

Which type of diabetes is more common?

A

type II

28
Q

Which type of diabetes is more dangerous?

A

type I

29
Q

Hyperglycemia causes

A

polyuria
polydipsia
dehydration
ketoacidosis

30
Q

What vascular problems can be complications with diabetes?

A

microangiopathy - retinopathy, nephropathy

macroangiopathy - HTN, MI, CVA, ulcers

31
Q

retinopathy leads to

A

blindness

32
Q

neuropathies caused by hyperglycemia

A

pain
paresthesia
decreased sensation
weakness

33
Q

This drug can be administered parenterally via subcutaneous injection, pumps are popular

A

exogenous insulin

34
Q

What are the adverse effects of exogenous insulin

A

hypoglycemia

35
Q

how do you treat hypoglycemia caused by exogenous insulin

A

soft drink, fruit juice and glucose tabs

36
Q

What drug stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells?

A

sulfonylureas

37
Q

This drug is effective in early stages while beta cells are still partially working

A

sulfonylureas

38
Q

What drug is used to treat DM II by increasing the sensitivity of the peripheral tissues to insulin

A

insulin sensitizers

39
Q

What are two ways to insert insulin?

A

self admin

insulin pump

40
Q

This type of drug is used to treat DMII, it acts on the liver to reduce glucose production through inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Metformin (glucophage)

41
Q

_ can be used to prevent DM I

A

immunosuppressants

42
Q

what immunosuppressants can be used for DM I

A

cyclosporine
glucocorticoids
methotrexate

43
Q

Rehab concerns

A

peripheral neuropathies
peripheral vascular diseases
insulin reaction - hypoglycemia

44
Q

be aware of _ during exercise

A

hypoglycemia

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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