Diabetes Flashcards
This function of the pancreas is acinar cells produce and release pancreatic digestive enzymes
a. exocrine function
b. endocrine function
exocrine
This function is interspersed within the acinar tissue are clumps of tissue called islets of Langerhans
a. exocrine function
b. endocrine function
endocrine
What produces and secretes pancreatic hormones?
a. exocrine
b. endocrine
endocrine
_ cells produce glucagon
alpha
_ cells produce insulin
beta
_ cells produce somatostatin
delta
This functions to lower blood glucose by facilitating the entry of glucose into peripheral cells
insulin
Insulin attaches to _ surface receptors and the subunits cause activation of _ which then promote _ of glucose carriers to the _ then it causes facilitated _ of glucose into the cell
target cell IRS (insulin receptor substrates) translocation cell membrane diffusion
What must be present for portals to open?
insulin
Insulin promotes storage of _ and _ in muscle and _ cells
proteins
lipids
adipose
What is the hormonal antagonist of insulin?
glucagon
Its primary job is to increase blood sugar levels and it occurs at the liver
a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. glucose
d. Langerhans
glucagon
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose
glycogenolysis
the formation of glucose from fatty acids and amino acids
gluconeogenesis
Glucagon acts on the _ to change _ and _ into _
liver
proteins and fat
glucose
Normal blood glucose is between
80 and 90 mg/100 ml of blood
Hypoglycemia is
low blood glucose
Hyperglycemia is
high blood glucose
Insulin and glucagon work (agonistically/antagonistically) to maintain normal levels
antagonistically
Normal homeostasis after eating
glucose rises > insulin released > blood glucose level blood and enter cells > lowers blood glucose level > glucagon released stimulating glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise levels
Diabetes is caused by insufficient _ secretions or decrease in the _ effects of insulin
insulin
peripheral
Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness (True/false)
true
Which type of diabetes is virus-triggered autoimmune disease that results in destruction of pancreatic beta cells
type I diabetes
Type I is _ diabetes
insulin-dependent
Which type of diabetes is caused by a decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to circulating insulin?
type II diabetes
Type II is _ diabetes
non-insulin-dependent
Which type of diabetes is more common?
type II
Which type of diabetes is more dangerous?
type I
Hyperglycemia causes
polyuria
polydipsia
dehydration
ketoacidosis
What vascular problems can be complications with diabetes?
microangiopathy - retinopathy, nephropathy
macroangiopathy - HTN, MI, CVA, ulcers
retinopathy leads to
blindness
neuropathies caused by hyperglycemia
pain
paresthesia
decreased sensation
weakness
This drug can be administered parenterally via subcutaneous injection, pumps are popular
exogenous insulin
What are the adverse effects of exogenous insulin
hypoglycemia
how do you treat hypoglycemia caused by exogenous insulin
soft drink, fruit juice and glucose tabs
What drug stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells?
sulfonylureas
This drug is effective in early stages while beta cells are still partially working
sulfonylureas
What drug is used to treat DM II by increasing the sensitivity of the peripheral tissues to insulin
insulin sensitizers
What are two ways to insert insulin?
self admin
insulin pump
This type of drug is used to treat DMII, it acts on the liver to reduce glucose production through inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Metformin (glucophage)
_ can be used to prevent DM I
immunosuppressants
what immunosuppressants can be used for DM I
cyclosporine
glucocorticoids
methotrexate
Rehab concerns
peripheral neuropathies
peripheral vascular diseases
insulin reaction - hypoglycemia
be aware of _ during exercise
hypoglycemia
