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Pharmacology > Exam 1: Chapter 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ means chemical alteration that occurs to a drug following administration or also called drug metabolism

A

biotransformation

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2
Q

What process alters the active form of the drug and can occur within minutes and the altered form will later be excreted

A

biotransformation

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3
Q

_____ means riding the body of the active and inactive form of a drug

A

excretion

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4
Q

Biotransformation is primarily a (liver/kidney) function

A

liver

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5
Q

Excretion is primarily a (liver/kidney) problem

A

kidney

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6
Q

How long does the excretion process take

A

hours, days, or weeks

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7
Q

With biotransformation, _____ within the tissues alter the drug’s structure which makes the compound (harmful/harmless)

A

enzymes, harmless

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8
Q

What is the altered form of the original compound that is readily excreted by the kidneys later. Usually this is no longer functional-it is inactive

A

metabolite

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9
Q

True or False

Although it is rare, some drugs are “prodrugs” and become functional after biotransformation

A

true

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10
Q

What is an example of a prodrug

A

Levodopa is inactive then after biotransformation it becomes active as dopamine to help treat Parkinson’s disease

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11
Q

Why is biotransformation/inactivation of a drug essential

A

Because the excretory rate is often too slow to rid the body of the original drug
(For example, anesthetics that lasted days or weeks)

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12
Q

In regards to the mechanism of drug biotransformation, the metabolite becomes ______ and thus more easily ionized and more (fat/water) soluble to be handled by the kidneys

A

polarized; water

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13
Q

Which organ is the primary site for drug metabolism that requires specific enzymes from this organ

A

the liver

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14
Q

List the 5 organs that are responsible for biotransformation

A 
liver
lungs
kidneys
GI epithelium
skin
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15
Q

Explain the concept of tolerance to drugs

A

prolonged use of a drug can cause metabolic enzymes to become overly efficient making the drug less effective, which means a higher dose is required to get an effect.

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16
Q

True or False:

A damaged liver due to alcoholism will be able to metabolize drugs more efficiently due to a higher tolerance

A

False, if an organ is damaged, it won’t metabolize efficiently

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17
Q

The (liver/kidneys) are the primary site of drug excretion

A

kidneys

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18
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of the kidney

A

The nephron

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19
Q

How many nephrons are in a kidney

A

about 1 million

20
Q

A metabolized drug reaches the nephron and is filtered at the _____ or _____ capsule. The filtrate then goes through the (proximal/distal) tubule, through the ____ of ____, then through the (proximal/distal) tubule before reaching the collecting duct.

A

glomerulus or Bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal tubule

21
Q

What happens if a drug is not reabsorbed back into the blood stream before reaching the collecting duct.

A

It will be released as urine

22
Q

If a molecule is hydrophilic it is (polarized/nonpolar)

A

polarized

23
Q

If a molecule is nonpolar it is a ____.

A

lipid

24
Q

Does the drug excretion metabolism process tend to make polarized or non polarized soluble compounds

A

polarized water compounds

25
Q

Polarized water soluble compounds remain _____ in the nephron so they can reach the collecting duct and be released into the urine

A

semi-trapped

26
Q

explain how nonpolar lipophilic compounds are excreted

A

they are reabsorbed by the nephron back into circulation but a few reach the collecting duct

27
Q

In regards to drug excretion, some drugs are secreted directly into the nephron at the level of the (proximal/distal) tubule via ____ ____

A

proximal tubule via active transport

28
Q

Besides the kidney, list other routes of excretion

A

lungs, GI and liver to gall bladder, sweat, saliva, and breast milk

29
Q

The lungs serve as a route of excretion for what type of drug

A

volatile drugs administered by inhalation

30
Q

List the sequence of how the GI tract works with the liver and gall bladder to be a rout of excretion for drugs

A

From GI to liver to gallbladder where it becomes part of bile, then bile to bile duct, to duodenum, to feces

31
Q

Sweat is a route of excretion for drugs because (tiny/large) amounts of drug metabolites as you sweat

A

tiny

32
Q

Saliva is a route of excretion for drugs because (tiny/large) amounts of drug metabolites in the saliva which is why we can drug test using spit.

A

tiny

33
Q

Explain why breast milk is a possible route of excretion for drugs

A

As milk comes out of the breast, the drugs come with it which could be dangerous in the baby’s first two months since they have not yet developed an ability to metabolize

34
Q

_____ is the ability of all organs and tissues to eliminate the drug

A

clearance

35
Q

A ___ - ___ is the amount of time required for 50% of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated/cleared

A

half life

36
Q

What is the half life of acetaminophen

A

2 hours

37
Q

What does a drugs half life depend on

A

clearance and the presence of drug that is bound in the blood plasma

38
Q

True or False:

Some drugs get sequestered in organs/tissues and are not available for clearance

A

true

39
Q

How many half-lives are needed for the body to eliminate a drug

A

5

40
Q

How many half-lives are needed to reach a steady state

A

5

41
Q

What does a steady state of a drug mean

A

a point at which clearance and input are in dynamic equilibrium

42
Q

Which type of administration allows for a steady state to be reaches easily

A

IV

43
Q

If you wanted to achieve a steady state or a more consistent plasma concentration, would you choose smaller doses more frequently or larger doses over longer periods of time

A

small doses more frequently

44
Q

List the factors that might cause two individuals to react differently to the same drug and same dosge

A

genetics, disease, drug interactions, age, diet, gender

45
Q

Which age population are more sensitive to drugs

A

older patients and children

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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