Exam 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards
Why should PTs study pharmacology
We need to know how our patients respond to drugs and we need to plan our treatments times accordingly
What sort of questions should come to mind when thinking about how the patient might respond to drugs
Does the drug cause sedation, how it effects BP or heart rate, and how will it effect the patient’s mood
Pharmacology is a good news/bad news subject. Explain why pharmacology is both good and bad
It is good because new drug therapies are improving quality of life and outcomes, but it is bad because healthcare professionals cannot stay on top of the rapidly changing discipline
How does knowledge of pharmacology effect the physical therapy profession?
We have an expectation to be experts of medical awareness and an obligation to address all aspects of patient signs and symptoms. With that comes the responsibility of maintaining a current knowledge base
Where does pharmacology fit in the patient/client management model
During the examination you find out the type of medication the patient is on and during the evaluation process you begin to think how those medications are effecting the patient/treatment
What term is described as any substance that causes change in a living system
drug
What term is described as the study of how drugs effect living systems
pharmacology
What term is described as the study of the use of drugs to prevent, treat or diagnose
pharmacotherapeutics
What term is described as the study of how the body deals with the drug and what the body does to the drug
Pharmacokinetics
What are some examples of pharmacokinetics
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
What term is described as what the drug does to the body or the mechanism of action which the drug exerts its effects on cells, tissues and systems
Pharmacodynamics
What term is described as the study of the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems
toxicology
What are some examples of pharmacodynamics
slowing heart rate
reducing pain
opening airways
cellular and molecular effects as well
(pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics) relates to how the drugs effects the body or the mechanism or action
pharmacodynamics
(pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics) relates to what the body does with the drug
pharmacokinetics
What are some examples of pharmacokinetics
administration of the drug, rate of absorption, rate of distribution
True or False:
Physical therapy interventions effect both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
true
What type of medication will blunt a patient’s heart rate
beta blockers
What type of medication will dilate blood vessels
calcium channel blockers
What type of medication will stimulate urination
diuretics
If you’re patient says they feel faint while using a heating modality or exercising in a warm pool, what type of medication might they be on
calcium channel blockers
What type of interventions do we want to closely watch the patient with if they are on calcium channel blockers
heating modalities
If your patient’s heart rate is not increasing with exercise intensity/duration, what type of medication might they be on
beta blockers
What do we need to be aware of when working with patient’s on beta blockers
their HR will not increase with workload, so we need to pay attention to their RPE
If your patient has to use the restroom a lot during therapy, what type of medication might they be on
diuretics
What type of drink interferes with the metabolism of calcium channel blockers in the stomach
grapefruit
Grapefruit juice interferes with the metabolism of (beta/calcium channel) blockers in the stomach
calcium channel
True or False:
For a patient on beta blockers, we should use their HRmax to determine the level of appropriate exercise
False, we should use their RPE
What are the three effects that drugs can have
- Therapeutic effect
- Side or adverse effect
- Toxic effect
What type of effect would a drug have that is intended and desired
therapeutic effect
What type of effect would a drug have that is unintended or has an unwanted effect at normal dosage
side effect or adverse effect
What type of effect would a drug have if its harmful or life threatening
toxic
What are the three types of drug nomenclatures
chemical, generic, and trade or brand name
What is another name for the drug trade or brand nomenclature
proprietary
Which drug nomenclature is the specific chemical structure
chemical
N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol is the _____ nomenclature
chemical
Which drug nomenclature is the nonproprietary official name that is derived from the chemical name
generic
acetaminophen is the _____ nomenclature
generic
Which drug nomenclature is the name that is assigned by the pharmaceutical company
trade or brand name
Tylenol is the _____ nomenclature
trade/brand or proprietary
Generic drug names are the same as trade drug names but off patent and has been show to be ______.
bioequivalent
What does bioequivalent mean
All active ingredients are the same in a generic drug compared to a trade name drug
Even though generic and trade name drugs are _____, they are also different in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. List the three ways that generic/trade name drugs are different
bioequivalent;
- Preservatives may be different
- Particle size may be different
- Prices are different
Does generic or trade names cost less and why
Generic drugs cost much less because trade name pharmaceutical companies paid to put their name on the medication
True or False:
Cheaper generic drugs are always better than the trade name drug since generic drugs are often listed first on insurance plans
False. Even though generic names might be listed first on insurance plans, cheaper is not always better.
Who can dispense prescription drugs
by authorized practitioners only
Can PTs prescribed prescription drugs
no
Who can purchase over the counter drugs
any consumer buying it at the store
Over the counter drugs are used for (minor/major) problems and have (low/high) changes of having a toxic effect if taken as recommended
minor; low
Controlled substances have potential for _____.
abuse
How many schedules/classes are there of controlled substances
5 schedules with schedule 1 being the highest potential for abuse
Which schedule of controlled substances is restricted to approved research studies with no medical use
1
Give an example of schedule 1 controlled substances
heroin, LSD
Which schedule of controlled substances has a specific therapeutic purpose but also has a high potential for abuse
2
What is an example of schedule 2 controlled substances
opiods like morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone. Amphetamines are also schedule 2
Which schedule of controlled substances has a possibility for mild to moderate dependence
3
Given an examples of schedule 3 controlled substances
codeine, hydrocodone, anabolic steroids
Which schedule of controlled substances has a lesser potential for dependence
4
Give an example of schedule 4 controlled substances
diazepam/ valium
Which schedule of controlled substances has the lowest potential for abuse
5
Give an example of a schedule 5 controlled substances
anti-cough meds or low dosage opioids
Preclinical studies are tested on (humans/animals)
animals
The (closer/further) apart an effective dose and a toxic dose are, the better and safer a drug is
further
clinical trials are also called (human/animal) trials
human
How many phases are in clinical human trials
4
Describe phase one of a clinical human study
A small number of volunteers (less than 100) are studied to determine effects, pharmacokinetics and safe dosages for less than a year
Describe phase two of a clinical human study
assess drug’s effects on a specific disease with 200-300 subjects for about 2 years
Describe phase three of a clinical human study
assess safety and effectiveness in a large population (1000-3000) for about 3 years
Describe phase four of a clinical human study
monitor general population for any problems that occur post FDA approval
During a clinical human study, when would a drug become FDA approved
after phase 3
What does a dose response curve show
a range of doses which actually causes an effect in a patient or population
True or False:
A dose can be so low it causes no response
true
As a dose is increased, it should have (more/less) effect
more
True or False:
Eventually, after increasing a dosage so much it will no longer produce an effect
true
What is the ceiling effect
The point at which increasing a dose will have no increasing effects on the body/symptoms
If a drug is more potent, will it require a lower or higher dosage to produce an effect
lower
True or False:
If a drug is more potent, the efficacy will be higher
False, a more potent drug could come on faster, but not last as long
What is the formula of finding the therapeutic index (TI)
Divide the toxic dose by the effective dose. For example 320 / 10 = 32.
What is the most toxic TI
1.
The (lower/higher) the TI the better and safer a drug is
higher
