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Pharmacology > Exam 1: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why should PTs study pharmacology

A

We need to know how our patients respond to drugs and we need to plan our treatments times accordingly

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2
Q

What sort of questions should come to mind when thinking about how the patient might respond to drugs

A

Does the drug cause sedation, how it effects BP or heart rate, and how will it effect the patient’s mood

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3
Q

Pharmacology is a good news/bad news subject. Explain why pharmacology is both good and bad

A

It is good because new drug therapies are improving quality of life and outcomes, but it is bad because healthcare professionals cannot stay on top of the rapidly changing discipline

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4
Q

How does knowledge of pharmacology effect the physical therapy profession?

A

We have an expectation to be experts of medical awareness and an obligation to address all aspects of patient signs and symptoms. With that comes the responsibility of maintaining a current knowledge base

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5
Q

Where does pharmacology fit in the patient/client management model

A

During the examination you find out the type of medication the patient is on and during the evaluation process you begin to think how those medications are effecting the patient/treatment

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6
Q

What term is described as any substance that causes change in a living system

A

drug

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7
Q

What term is described as the study of how drugs effect living systems

A

pharmacology

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8
Q

What term is described as the study of the use of drugs to prevent, treat or diagnose

A

pharmacotherapeutics

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9
Q

What term is described as the study of how the body deals with the drug and what the body does to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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10
Q

What are some examples of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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11
Q

What term is described as what the drug does to the body or the mechanism of action which the drug exerts its effects on cells, tissues and systems

A

Pharmacodynamics

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12
Q

What term is described as the study of the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems

A

toxicology

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13
Q

What are some examples of pharmacodynamics

A

slowing heart rate
reducing pain
opening airways
cellular and molecular effects as well

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14
Q

(pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics) relates to how the drugs effects the body or the mechanism or action

A

pharmacodynamics

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15
Q

(pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics) relates to what the body does with the drug

A

pharmacokinetics

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16
Q

What are some examples of pharmacokinetics

A

administration of the drug, rate of absorption, rate of distribution

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17
Q

True or False:

Physical therapy interventions effect both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

A

true

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18
Q

What type of medication will blunt a patient’s heart rate

A

beta blockers

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19
Q

What type of medication will dilate blood vessels

A

calcium channel blockers

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20
Q

What type of medication will stimulate urination

A

diuretics

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21
Q

If you’re patient says they feel faint while using a heating modality or exercising in a warm pool, what type of medication might they be on

A

calcium channel blockers

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22
Q

What type of interventions do we want to closely watch the patient with if they are on calcium channel blockers

A

heating modalities

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23
Q

If your patient’s heart rate is not increasing with exercise intensity/duration, what type of medication might they be on

A

beta blockers

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24
Q

What do we need to be aware of when working with patient’s on beta blockers

A

their HR will not increase with workload, so we need to pay attention to their RPE

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25
Q

If your patient has to use the restroom a lot during therapy, what type of medication might they be on

A

diuretics

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26
Q

What type of drink interferes with the metabolism of calcium channel blockers in the stomach

A

grapefruit

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27
Q

Grapefruit juice interferes with the metabolism of (beta/calcium channel) blockers in the stomach

A

calcium channel

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28
Q

True or False:

For a patient on beta blockers, we should use their HRmax to determine the level of appropriate exercise

A

False, we should use their RPE

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29
Q

What are the three effects that drugs can have

A
  1. Therapeutic effect
  2. Side or adverse effect
  3. Toxic effect
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30
Q

What type of effect would a drug have that is intended and desired

A

therapeutic effect

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31
Q

What type of effect would a drug have that is unintended or has an unwanted effect at normal dosage

A

side effect or adverse effect

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32
Q

What type of effect would a drug have if its harmful or life threatening

A

toxic

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33
Q

What are the three types of drug nomenclatures

A

chemical, generic, and trade or brand name

34
Q

What is another name for the drug trade or brand nomenclature

A

proprietary

35
Q

Which drug nomenclature is the specific chemical structure

A

chemical

36
Q

N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol is the _____ nomenclature

A

chemical

37
Q

Which drug nomenclature is the nonproprietary official name that is derived from the chemical name

A

generic

38
Q

acetaminophen is the _____ nomenclature

A

generic

39
Q

Which drug nomenclature is the name that is assigned by the pharmaceutical company

A

trade or brand name

40
Q

Tylenol is the _____ nomenclature

A

trade/brand or proprietary

41
Q

Generic drug names are the same as trade drug names but off patent and has been show to be ______.

A

bioequivalent

42
Q

What does bioequivalent mean

A

All active ingredients are the same in a generic drug compared to a trade name drug

43
Q

Even though generic and trade name drugs are _____, they are also different in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. List the three ways that generic/trade name drugs are different

A

bioequivalent;

  1. Preservatives may be different
  2. Particle size may be different
  3. Prices are different
44
Q

Does generic or trade names cost less and why

A

Generic drugs cost much less because trade name pharmaceutical companies paid to put their name on the medication

45
Q

True or False:

Cheaper generic drugs are always better than the trade name drug since generic drugs are often listed first on insurance plans

A

False. Even though generic names might be listed first on insurance plans, cheaper is not always better.

46
Q

Who can dispense prescription drugs

A

by authorized practitioners only

47
Q

Can PTs prescribed prescription drugs

A

no

48
Q

Who can purchase over the counter drugs

A

any consumer buying it at the store

49
Q

Over the counter drugs are used for (minor/major) problems and have (low/high) changes of having a toxic effect if taken as recommended

A

minor; low

50
Q

Controlled substances have potential for _____.

A

abuse

51
Q

How many schedules/classes are there of controlled substances

A

5 schedules with schedule 1 being the highest potential for abuse

52
Q

Which schedule of controlled substances is restricted to approved research studies with no medical use

A

1

53
Q

Give an example of schedule 1 controlled substances

A

heroin, LSD

54
Q

Which schedule of controlled substances has a specific therapeutic purpose but also has a high potential for abuse

A

2

55
Q

What is an example of schedule 2 controlled substances

A

opiods like morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone. Amphetamines are also schedule 2

56
Q

Which schedule of controlled substances has a possibility for mild to moderate dependence

A

3

57
Q

Given an examples of schedule 3 controlled substances

A

codeine, hydrocodone, anabolic steroids

58
Q

Which schedule of controlled substances has a lesser potential for dependence

A

4

59
Q

Give an example of schedule 4 controlled substances

A

diazepam/ valium

60
Q

Which schedule of controlled substances has the lowest potential for abuse

A

5

61
Q

Give an example of a schedule 5 controlled substances

A

anti-cough meds or low dosage opioids

62
Q

Preclinical studies are tested on (humans/animals)

A

animals

63
Q

The (closer/further) apart an effective dose and a toxic dose are, the better and safer a drug is

A

further

64
Q

clinical trials are also called (human/animal) trials

A

human

65
Q

How many phases are in clinical human trials

A

4

66
Q

Describe phase one of a clinical human study

A

A small number of volunteers (less than 100) are studied to determine effects, pharmacokinetics and safe dosages for less than a year

67
Q

Describe phase two of a clinical human study

A

assess drug’s effects on a specific disease with 200-300 subjects for about 2 years

68
Q

Describe phase three of a clinical human study

A

assess safety and effectiveness in a large population (1000-3000) for about 3 years

69
Q

Describe phase four of a clinical human study

A

monitor general population for any problems that occur post FDA approval

70
Q

During a clinical human study, when would a drug become FDA approved

A

after phase 3

71
Q

What does a dose response curve show

A

a range of doses which actually causes an effect in a patient or population

72
Q

True or False:

A dose can be so low it causes no response

A

true

73
Q

As a dose is increased, it should have (more/less) effect

A

more

74
Q

True or False:

Eventually, after increasing a dosage so much it will no longer produce an effect

A

true

75
Q

What is the ceiling effect

A

The point at which increasing a dose will have no increasing effects on the body/symptoms

76
Q

If a drug is more potent, will it require a lower or higher dosage to produce an effect

A

lower

77
Q

True or False:

If a drug is more potent, the efficacy will be higher

A

False, a more potent drug could come on faster, but not last as long

78
Q

What is the formula of finding the therapeutic index (TI)

A

Divide the toxic dose by the effective dose. For example 320 / 10 = 32.

79
Q

What is the most toxic TI

A

1.

80
Q

The (lower/higher) the TI the better and safer a drug is

A

higher

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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