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Pharmacology > Exam 1: Chapter 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is (easy/difficult) to predict how much will be absorbed via orally administered drugs

A

difficult

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2
Q

_______ ____ is used occasionally in chemotherapy to deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to a tumor to maximize drug concentration with minimal exposure to healthy tissues

A

intra-arterial injection

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3
Q

Intrathecal injection administration is the injection of medicine almost always within the spinal ______ space.

A

subarachnoid

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4
Q

How long does it take for sublingual drugs to be absorbed and have effects

A

5-10 minutes

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5
Q

What is the bioavailability of a drug administered through an IV

A

100%

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6
Q

Analgesics and sedatives-hypnotics are taken _____.

A

orally

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7
Q

_______ ____ is used to introduce insulin into the body

A

subcutaneous injection

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8
Q

What are the two physical properties of transdermal drugs

A
  1. Must penetrate the skin

2. Must not be degraded by metabolizing enzymes within the dermis

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9
Q

Which route of administration can be difficult and dangerous but is used to deliver a large dose to focus a drug or radiopaque dye into certain tissues or to a specific organ

A

Intra-arterial injection

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10
Q

Why is nitroglycerin a sublingual drug instead of being taken orally

A

it would be destroyed in the liver

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11
Q

What does it mean is a drug is sequestered in tissue that is not the target tissue

A

The drug is stored in other tissues other than the target which could be harmful most of the time

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12
Q

Antibiotic ointments and creams used to treat minor skin irritations are _____ drugs

A

topical

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13
Q

True or False:

Most topical medications have good-excellent absorption and are used primarily to treat the localized tissue

A

False, they are fair to poor

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14
Q

_____ _____ is like active and passive transport because a carrier protein in needed but no net energy is expended to get polarized molecules through the membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

What are 4 examples of parenteral routes of administration

A

Inhalation
Injection
Topical
Transdermal

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16
Q

What are the two forms of transdermal administration of medication in the outpatient rehab setting

A

iontophoresis and phonophoresis

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17
Q

What are the subtypes of injection-parenteral routes of administration

A 
IV
intra-arterial
subcutaneous
intramuscular
intrathecal
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18
Q

General anesthetics and anti-asthmatic drugs are ____ into the body

A

inhaled

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19
Q

Insulin, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, and narcotic analgesics are drugs taken through _____

A

injection

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20
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of drugs that are injected into the body

A

A: provides more direct administration to target tissues, rapid onset
D: Chance of infection if sterility is not maintained

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21
Q

______ administration are drugs applied to the skin or mucous membranes

A

topical

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22
Q

(active/passive) transport means no energy is expended

A

passive

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23
Q

Where might heavy metals or lead be sequestered in

A

bone

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24
Q

What is the most common administration route

A

oral

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25
Q

Are drugs administered rectally subjected to the first pass effect

A

yes if it is pushed into upper rectum

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26
Q

What are 3 examples of enteral routes of administration

A

oral
sublingual and buccal
rectal

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27
Q

Rectal drugs are usually administered via a _____

A

suppository

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28
Q

What term is described as the extent to which a drug reaches the circulatory system

A

bioavailability

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29
Q

Which new drug delivery technique can be described as a drug reservoir that is surgically implanted and it programmed to deliver a measured dose periodically

A

implanted system

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30
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of topical drugs

A

A: local effects on surface of skin
D: only effective if treating outer layers of skin

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31
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of inhalation drugs

A

A: rapid onset, direct application for respiratory disorders, large surface area for systemic absorption
D: chance of tissue irritation, patient compliance

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32
Q

what is a disadvantage of intramuscular injections

A

local pain and prolonged soreness

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33
Q

non-lipid drugs are absorbed (good/poorly) in the alimentary canal and will be lost in feces

A

poorly

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34
Q

Nitroglycerin is a drug that is administered _____

A

sublingually

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35
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of drugs taken orally

A

A: easy, safe and convenient
D: Limited absorption of some drugs, chance of first-pass inactivation in liver

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36
Q

Which new drug delivery technique can manufacture antibodies that attract antigens on cancer cell membranes or modify a virus to insert a drug into host tissues

A

targeting drug delivery

37
Q

(enteral/parental) administration is a drug entering through non-alimentary routes

A

parenteral

38
Q

Are drugs that are administered via inhalation subject to the first pass effect

A

No because it diffuses across membranes and into pulmonary circulation then into systemic circulation

39
Q

Are sublingual and buccal drugs subjected to first pass effect?

A

no because it goes directly into the venous system through the oral mucosa

40
Q

List 4 places where drugs could be sequestered

A

adipose tissue
bone
muscle
organs

41
Q

Give an example of a transdermal patch administration

A

nicotine patch

42
Q

(active/passive) transport requires energy to move uphill against a gradient

43
Q

True or False:

Nasal administration is considered a topical drug

44
Q

Transdermal drugs penetrate the dermis (better/worse) if they are in a lipid form or mixed with a lipid

45
Q

What type of administration route occurs when the drug is placed under the tongue

A

sublingual

46
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of drugs taken rectally

A

A: alternative to oral route, local effect on rectal tissues
D: poor or incomplete absorption, chance of rectal irritation

47
Q

Transdermal means (on/through) the skin

48
Q

What are the two types of routes of administration

A

enteral and parenteral

49
Q

(nonlipid/lipid) drugs are absorbed very poorly in the alimentary canal and will be lost in _____

A

non lipid; feces

50
Q

Drugs that are bound to blood proteins or intra-cellular components (are/are not) able to be used freely

51
Q

Which route of administration is injected just beneath the skin to cause a localized effect such as lidocaine

A

subcutaneous injection

52
Q

An inhaler is also called an ____ device

A

MDI - Meter dose inhaler

53
Q

To become bioavailable, all drugs except IV must cross ____ ___ to get to the blood stream

A

cell membrane

54
Q

When is rectal administration of drugs used

A

when a patient is unconscious or vomiting is preventing the use of oral drugs

55
Q

Intrathecal injection allow drugs to by-pass the ____ _____ ______ and still reach the CNS

A

blood brain barrier

56
Q

Transdermal drugs penetrate the dermis better if they are in a (lipid/non-lipid) form

57
Q

What term describes how the drug enters the body

A

drug administration

58
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of transdermal drugs

A

A: introduces drug into body without breaking the skin, can be steady and prolonged delivery via patch
D: drug must be able to pass through dermal layers intact

59
Q

Which route of administration is delivered directly into a vein and allows and accurate known quantity to be delivered quickly via bloodstream

A

intravenous injection

60
Q

Nitroglycerin is a drug that is taken ____

61
Q

True or False:

Obesity results in quicker drug clearance or half-life time for fat soluble drugs

A

False, it takes longer

62
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of sublingual/buccal drugs

A

A: rapid onset, not subject to first pass effect
D: must be easily absorbed by mucosa

63
Q

An ointment used to treat hemorrhoids is administered via (topical/rectal)

A

partly topical and partly mucosa absorption

64
Q

An implanted system may connected to a body compartment by a _____ or it may be a ______ get that gradually dissolves and releases the drug

A

cannula; biodegradable

65
Q

True or False:

The presence of a drug in the bloodstream indicates that it has reached its target

A

False. It does not mean this because drugs still have to cross cell membranes and tissue barriers

66
Q

(enteral/parenteral) administration is a drug entering through the alimentary tract or GI tract

67
Q

What is an advantage of intramuscular injections

A

A big dose can be administered into a tissue so that it is steadily released into the general circulation

68
Q

Adipose tissue sequesters _____ ____ drugs

A

lipid soluble

69
Q

If 100g of a drug is administered orally and 50g reaches the blood system, what is the bioavailability

70
Q

Which new drug delivery technique can be described as time released to permit a more prolonged and controlled release of medication

A

Controlled release preparations

71
Q

An ____ IV line allows a steady infusion of medication with less fluctuation in plasma concentration

A

indwelling

72
Q

What is the first pass effect

A

after drugs are absorbed into the gut, they are transported to the liver to either be metabolized or destroyed prior to reaching the target site

73
Q

What term describes the absorption and distribution of a drug

A

bioavailability

74
Q

When are inhalation drugs used

A

when gaseous or volatile drugs need to be administered as tiny droplets

75
Q

True or False:

Biological membranes are selectively permeable

76
Q

Which two organs are notorious for binding drugs/sequestering drugs

A

the liver and kidney cells

77
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of

A

lipids and proteins

78
Q

What are four factors that affect distribution of a drug

A

Tissue permeability
Blood flow
Binding to blood plasma proteins
Binding to intra-cellular components

79
Q

What term describes the metabolism and excretion of a drug

A

elimination

80
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do

A

protects the CNS from potentially harmful chemicals

81
Q

Which new drug delivery technique can be described as a gene based therapy that attaches a drug to a fat or protein molecule which is attracted to receptors of target cells that will aid in delivering DNA to modify genetic activity

A

targeting drug delivery

82
Q

What is the significance of proteins interspersed throughout the lipid layer of the cell membrane

A

The proteins can form channels that allow non lipids to pass in and out of the membrane. Proteins imbedded in the layer can function as receptors

83
Q

If a drug is taken orally, how many membranes must it cross to reach its target, and how many will it cross to exit the target

A

At least 2 to reach the target and 2 to exit.
To reach the target it first has to cross through GI membranes then through capillary membranes to get to the blood stream. The same goes to get out

84
Q

Nitroglycerin, motion sickness medications, and drugs used with phonophoresis and iontophoresis are ______ drugs

A

transdermal

85
Q

Describe the structure of a cell membrane

A

polar with hydrophobic tails oriented toward the center and hydrophilic facing outward with proteins interspersed throughout the lipid layer

86
Q

Transdermal drugs are often administered via a transdermal _______.

87
Q

What type of administration route occurs when the drug is placed between the cheek and gum

88
Q

Acetaminophen can be metabolized into a toxin in the _____ and stored there causing eventual damage to the organ

89
Q

What are three new techniques that are used for drug delivery

A
  1. Controlled release preparations
  2. Implanted systems
  3. Targeting drug delivery

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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