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Pharmacology > Exam 1: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for a drug molecule

A

a ligand

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2
Q

A ____ is the component of the cell to which endogenous and exogenous compounds bind

A

receptor

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3
Q

Receptors are usually (lipids/proteins)

A

proteins

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4
Q

What are the three types of receptors located on the cell’s surface

A
  1. Ligand gated (ion channels)
  2. Linked directly to enzymes
  3. G proteins (intermediate regulatory)
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5
Q

What type of receptor is acetycholine

A

ligand gated/ion channel

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6
Q

When activated, an acetylcholine receptor opens a ____ ion channel

A

Na+

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7
Q

True or False:

receptors that are linked directly to enzymes are channels

A

false

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8
Q

Give an example of a receptor that is link directly to an enzyme

A

Insulin attaches to a binding domain and activates the inner portion/catalytic domain

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9
Q

Which type of receptor alters an intracellular effector a distance away from the receptor

A

G-proteins, linked to an intermediate regulatory

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10
Q

What is another name for a G protein

A

a second messenger

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11
Q

Is acetylcholine endogenous or exogenous

A

endogenous

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12
Q

A second drug that can bind to a receptor protein and cause the same effect as the first drug is called an ____

A

agonist

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13
Q

A second drug that can bind to a receptor and blocks an effect of the first drug is called a _____

A

antagonist or blocker

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14
Q

What is a common example of a second message

A

cyclic AMP

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15
Q

Explain the mechanism of a second messenger interaction

A

A free peptide in the bloodstream attaches to a fixed membrane receptor on a target cell. The peptide releases a second messenger (cyclic AMP). The second messenger activates a series of enzymes reactions that alter cell function until the intended function occurs

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16
Q

Where are intracellular receptors located

A

in the cytoplasm and within the nucleus

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17
Q

What drug often binds with intracellular receptors via passive diffusion

A

steroids

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18
Q

Steroids enter the cell by passive diffusion and bind with receptors in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

Hormones like thyroxin enter the cell by passive diffusion and bind with receptors in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)

A

nucleus

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20
Q

Intracellular receptors bind to _____ and cause change in ____ expression and mRNA transcription

A

genes, gene

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21
Q

True or False:

Altered protein synthesis results in altered cell function

A

true

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22
Q

A drug-receptor relationship is like a ___ - ___ relationship

A

key-lock

23
Q

The ability of a drug to interact with the receptor depends upon what three things

A
  1. size of drug
  2. shape of drug
  3. configuration of the binding site on the receptor
  4. The flexibility/fluidity of the cell membrane
24
Q

What is affinity

A

the attraction of a drug to a receptor

25
Q

What term is described as the attraction of a drug to a receptor

A

affinity

26
Q

Drugs with a low to moderate affinity require a (low/high) concentration to load the receptor

A

high

27
Q

The flexibility/fluidity of the cell membrane can effect the drug binding to the receptor which is effected by the _____ and ____ of the patient

A

health and nutrition

28
Q

What are the five types of functional proteins in the cell membrane

A
  1. Channels
  2. Transporters
  3. Enzymes
  4. Receptors
  5. Structural proteins
29
Q

What are the four types of receptors

A
  1. Ligand gated
  2. Enzyme liked
  3. G protein
  4. Intracellular receptors
30
Q

True or False:

hydrophilic molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane

A

False, they cannot so they requires a ligand-gated channel

31
Q

Explain how a ligand-gated channel works

A

A ligand binds to a receptor on the outside of the channel, the receptor opens the channel and allows Na+ to flow into the cell and K+ flows out of the cell

32
Q

Explain how enzyme linked receptors work

A

A ligand binds to a receptor outside of the cell which activates enzymes inside of the cell. ATP/GTP inside of the cell transforms into cAMP

33
Q

Explain how G-protein receptors work

A

A ligand binds to a receptor outside of the cell membrane which changes the shape of the receptor, which then changes the shape of the G protein. This activates enzymes and effector proteins

34
Q

Explain how intracellular receptors work

A

Ligands that can pass through the membrane enter the cell and either bind to receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm. This can alter transcription of DNA within a cell

35
Q

What is the result of a drug-receptor interaction

A

a change in cell function or the blocking of cell function

36
Q

an agonist has (affinity/efficacy)

A

affinity and efficacy

37
Q

____ is when a drug is attracted and binds to a receptor

A

affinity

38
Q

____ is when a drug binds to the receptor and causes a change in cell function

A

efficacy

39
Q

An antagonist has (affinity/efficacy)

A

affinity but no efficacy

40
Q

What is a competitive antagonist

A

inhibitory drugs that are trying to reach the same receptor before an agonist gets to that same receptor

41
Q

True or False:

A competitive antagonist molecule with greater concentration will win the receptor spot

A

true

42
Q

If a competitive antagonist (which is inhibitory) is causes an adverse effect, how is the competitive antagonist overcome

A

Increasing the concentration of an agonist to overpower the antagonist

43
Q

What is a noncompetitive antagonist

A

Antagonists that try to reach the same receptor as an agonist, but once the antagonist is binded with a receptor, it cannot be overpowered no matter how strong the concentration of the agonist

44
Q

What is a partial agonist

A

an agonist that occupies the receptor site but has a decreased efficacy because it doesn’t release a full effect of that drug or whatever the agonist is

45
Q

Partial agonists have a (poor/strong) affinity but a (poor/strong) efficacy

A

strong, poor

46
Q

What type of medications can function as partial agonists that provide adequate effects without unwanted side effects

A

anti-anxiety

47
Q

In general, prolonged stimulation of receptors will lead to a/an (decrease/increase) in receptor function which is called ________ or a decrease in receptor population which is called _____-______

A

decrease; desensitization; down-regulation

48
Q

In general, decreased stimulation of a receptor will result in a/an (decrease/increase) in receptor sensitivity or an increase in number of receptors called __-_______

A

increased; up regulation

49
Q

A drug is said to be _____ if it affects one type of cell or tissue

A

selective

50
Q

What is the selectivity of a drug

A

A function of a drugs ability to interact with receptors located on cells/tissues

51
Q

The (less/more) selective the drug the fewer the different side effects

A

more

52
Q

True or False:

When a selective drug is designed, it is superior to less selective drugs in the same category

A

true

53
Q

A less selective drug attaches to a similar yet different receptor that can cause unwanted (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics)

A

pharmacodynamics

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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