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BIO 142 > Practical 3: Development > Flashcards

Practical 3: Development Flashcards

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1
Q

A

A

Corona radiata

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2
Q

B

A

Zona pellucida

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3
Q

C

A

First polar body

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4
Q

D

A

Chromosomes are separating

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5
Q

E

A

Anaphase II

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6
Q

F

A

Metaphase II

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7
Q

A

A

Spermatozoa entering oocyte

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8
Q

B

A

Corona radiata

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9
Q

C

A

Zona pellucida

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10
Q

D

A

One is the second polar body
The other two are ootids

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11
Q

A

A

Zygote

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12
Q

B

A

Yes, a fertilized oocyte

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13
Q

C

A

Nuclear division

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14
Q

D

A

Male pro-nucleus

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15
Q

E

A

Female pro-nucleus

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16
Q

F

A

Zona pellucida

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17
Q

G

A

One is the second polar body
The other two are ootids

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18
Q

A

A

Zygote

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19
Q

B

A

Yes

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20
Q

C

A

Spermatozoan

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21
Q

D

A

Male pronucleus

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22
Q

E

A

Female pronucleus

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23
Q

A

A

Two-cell embryo

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24
Q

B

A

30 Hours old

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25
Q

C

A

Blastomere

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26
Q

A

A

Two-cell embryo

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27
Q

B

A

30 Hours old

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28
Q

C

A

Zona pellucida

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29
Q

A

A

Four-cell embryo

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30
Q

B

A

48 hours

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31
Q

C

A

Blastomere

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32
Q

A

A

Four-cell embryo

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33
Q

B

A

48 Hours

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34
Q

A

A

Eight-cell embryo

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35
Q

B

A

60 hours

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36
Q

A

A

Morula

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37
Q

B

A

3 days

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38
Q

C

A

16 cells

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39
Q

D

A

Totipotent

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40
Q

E

A

Every blastomere has the potential to develop into a complete individual (as seen in identical twins)

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41
Q

A

A

Morula

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42
Q

B

A

3 days

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43
Q

A

A

Early blastula or blastocyst

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44
Q

B

A

4 days

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45
Q

C

A

Hollow

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46
Q

D

A

Inner cell mass

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47
Q

E

A

Embryo proper

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48
Q

F

A

Trophoblasts

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49
Q

G

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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50
Q

H

A

Maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to maintain the uterus for pregnancy

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51
Q

I

A

Blastocoel

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52
Q

J

A

Fluid

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53
Q

A

A

Early blastula/blastocyst

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54
Q

B

A

4 days

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55
Q

A

A

Bilaminar blastula

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56
Q

B

A

7 days

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57
Q

C

A

Hollow

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58
Q

D

A

Nidation

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59
Q

E

A

Around day 6

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60
Q

F

A

Trophoblasts

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61
Q

G

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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62
Q

H

A

Epiblast

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63
Q

I

A

Embryo proper

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64
Q

J

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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65
Q

K

A

Hypoblast

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66
Q

L

A

Extraembryonic endoderm structures like the yolk sac

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67
Q

M

A

Blastocoel

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68
Q

A

A

Late blastula

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69
Q

B

A

8 days

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70
Q

C

A

Hollow

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71
Q

D

A

Lacunae

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72
Q

E

A

Maternal blood

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73
Q

F & G

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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74
Q

H

A

Invades the uterus to establish the chorion (the fetal contribution to the placenta)

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75
Q

I

A

Cytotrophoblasts

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76
Q

J

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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77
Q

L

A

Amnion

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78
Q

M

A

Thin membrane surrounding the embryo/fetus

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79
Q

N

A

Amniotic cavity

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80
Q

O

A

Epiblast

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81
Q

P

A

Blastocoel

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82
Q

Q

A

Hypoblast

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83
Q

A

A

Late blastula

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84
Q

B

A

8 days

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85
Q

C

A

Hollow

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86
Q

D

A

Chorionic cavity

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87
Q

E

A

Blastocoel

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88
Q

F

A

Hypoblast

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89
Q

G

A

Epiblast

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90
Q

H

A

Amniotic cavity

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91
Q

I

A

Amnion

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92
Q

J

A

Cytotrophoblasts

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93
Q

K

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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94
Q

L

A

Lacunae

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95
Q

A

A

12 days

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96
Q

B & C

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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97
Q

D

A

Establish the chorion

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98
Q

E

A

Cytotrophoblasts

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99
Q

F

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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100
Q

G

A

Invade the uterus to establish the chorion

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101
Q

H

A

Amnion

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102
Q

I

A

Amniotic cavity

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103
Q

J

A

Epiblast

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104
Q

K

A

Primary yolk sac

105
Q

L

A

Extraembryonic endoderm

106
Q

M

A

Mesoderm

107
Q

N

A

Hypoblast

108
Q

A

A

Trilaminar embryo/gastrula

109
Q

B

A

Day 14

110
Q

C

A

Secondary yolk sac

111
Q

D

A

Connecting stalk

112
Q

E

A

Connecting stalk

113
Q

F

A

Umbilical cord

114
Q

G

A

Chorion

115
Q

H

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

116
Q

I

A

Amnion and amniotic cavity

117
Q

J

A

Prochordal plate

118
Q

K

A

Cephalic region of the embryo (head)

119
Q

L

A

Epiblast

120
Q

M

A

Secondary yolk sac

121
Q

N

A

The primary yolk sac

122
Q

O

A

Chorionic cavity

123
Q

B

A

28 days

124
Q

C

A

5 mm
1/5 inch

125
Q

D

A

No, just the limb buds

126
Q

E

A

Chorion/placenta

127
Q

F

A

Somites

128
Q

G

A

Vertebrae, muscles, dermis, cartilage

129
Q

H

A

Pharyngeal arches

130
Q

I

A

Auditory ossicles, mandible, nerves, hyoid, thymus

131
Q

J

A

Thinning

132
Q

K

A

Chorionic cavity

133
Q

L

A

Secondary yolk sac

134
Q

M

A

Primordial germ cells

135
Q

N

A

Gonads (ovaries/testes)

136
Q

O

A

Chorionic villi

137
Q

P

A

Connecting stalk/umbilical cord

138
Q

Q

A

Umbilical vessels

139
Q

A

A

Embryonic

140
Q

B

A

7 weeks

141
Q

C

A

Limb buds

142
Q

B

A

8-10 weeks

143
Q

C

A

22 mm
1 inch

144
Q

D

A

No

145
Q

E

A

Chorionic cavity

146
Q

F

A

Connecting stalk/umbilical cord

147
Q

G

A

Secondary yolk sac being resorbed by connecting stalk/umbilical cord

148
Q

H

A

Chorion/placenta

149
Q

I

A

Amnion

150
Q

A

A

Endometrium

151
Q

B

A

Morula

152
Q

D

A

3 days

153
Q

E

A

4-cell stage

154
Q

F

A

48 hours

155
Q

G

A

Zygote

156
Q

H

A

Uterine tube

157
Q

I

A

Fertilization

158
Q

J

A

Oocyte

159
Q

K

A

Metaphase II

160
Q

L

A

Ovary

161
Q

M

A

Implanting blastocyst

162
Q

N

A

Day 6

163
Q

O

A

Cervix

164
Q

A

A

2

165
Q

B

A

Zona pellucida

166
Q

C

A

Nucleoli within the nucleus

167
Q

D

A

Remnants of 2nd polar body

168
Q

A

A

4

169
Q

A

A

Morulae

170
Q

A

A

Early blastocyst

171
Q

B

A

Blastocoel

172
Q

A

A

Expanded blastocyst

173
Q

A

A

Hatching blastocyst

174
Q

A

A

Hatched blastocyst

175
Q

What does human development depend on?

A

Temporal and spatial cues in dynamic niches that regulate multiple mesenchymal progenitor cell pools

176
Q

What do progenitor cells differentiate in response to?

A

Distinct micro-environmental cues

177
Q

What is a developing embryo or fetus?

A

Conceptus

178
Q

What is the time of development within the uterus?

A

Gestation

179
Q

How long is the growing human an embryo?

A

Day 1 to week 8

180
Q

How long is the developing human a fetus?

A

Week 8 until birth

181
Q

What surrounds the oocyte?

A

Zona pellucida

182
Q

What is the fertilized oocyte called?

A

Zygote

183
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

In the ampulla of the fallopian tube

184
Q

When does fertilization happen?

A

During day 14-15 of a 28 day reproductive cycle

185
Q

Is the time an oocyte can be fertilized long or short?

A

Short, as little as 15 hours after ovulation

186
Q

A two-cell embryo occurs how many hours after fertilization?

A

30 hours

187
Q

A four-cell embryo occurs how many hours after fertilization?

A

48 hours

188
Q

What is each cell called in an embryo?

A

Blastomere

189
Q

What is next after a four-cell embryo?

A

Eight-cell embryo

190
Q

What is a solid ball of cells?

A

Morula

191
Q

What day does the morula develop?

A

Around day 3

192
Q

At what day does the embryo reach the uterus? What stage of development?

A

4 days (early blastula)

193
Q

What do trophoblasts differentiate into?

A

Cytotrophoblasts

194
Q

What do cytotrophoblasts differentiate into?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

195
Q

What do syncytiotrophoblasts form?

A

The chorionic portion of the placenta

196
Q

What is the zona pellucida made of?

A

Glycoprotein shell

197
Q

When does the embryo “hatch” out of the zona pellucida?

A

Day 4 (when the embryo reaches the uterus)

198
Q

What does nidate mean?

A

Implant

199
Q

What does the inner cell mass become?

A

The embryo proper

200
Q

What cells are on the outer wall of the embryo and contribute to the placenta?

A

Trophoblasts

201
Q

When does nidation occur?

A

Day 6-9 after fertilization

202
Q

Nidation occurs with what stage of development?

A

Blastula

203
Q

On what day does the inner cell mass differentiate into two layers?

A

Day 7

204
Q

What two layers does the inner cell mass differentiate into on day 7?

A

Epiblast
Hypoblast

205
Q

What forms the primary yolk sac?

A

Hypoblast

206
Q

How many layers are the syncytiotrophoblasts?

A

Single layer

207
Q

How many layers are the cytotrophoblasts?

A

Single layer

208
Q

What does the “syncitio” in syncytiotrophoblast mean?

A

Multinucleated

209
Q

Which cells are aggressively invasive and digest into the uterus to establish the placenta?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

210
Q

What day do some lacunae fuse and maternal blood seeps in by?

A

Day 13

211
Q

What are the uterine arteries called that deliver nutrients and oxygen to the embryo?

A

Spiral arteries

212
Q

When does the chorionic cavity fuse by?

A

Day 14

213
Q

When does the secondary yolk sac push down from the hypoblast and cause the primary yolk sac to regress?

A

Day 14

214
Q

What is the trilaminar embryo also known as?

A

Trilaminar embryonic disc and gastrula

215
Q

When do the primordial germ layers develop by?

A

Day 15-16

216
Q

Where do the primordial germ layers develop from?

A

Epiblast

217
Q

What is the development of the embryo from zygote to the trilaminar embryo called?

A

Embryogenesis

218
Q

What is the development of the primordial germ layers called?

A

Gastrulation

219
Q

What is the development of organs and their systems called?

A

Organogenesis

220
Q

What are mesodermal masses that lie on either side of the notocord that give the embryo a “segmented” appearance?

A

Somites

221
Q

What can be used to “date” the embryo’s progress?

A

Somites

222
Q

What are median cylindrical structures that are eventually replaced by the vertebral column?

A

Notochord

223
Q

How many pairs of somites are there?

A

40

224
Q

What are the 3 parts of the somite?

A

Sclerotome cells
Dermatome cells
Myotome cells

225
Q

What do sclerotome cells produce?

A

Vertebra and ribs

226
Q

What do dermatome cells produce?

A

The dermis of the skin on the dorsal part of the body

227
Q

What do the myotome cells form?

A

Skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs

228
Q

What do the myotome cells form muscles via?

A

Limb buds

229
Q

What is the development of the placenta called?

A

Placentation

230
Q

What are the two major components of the placenta?

A

Chorion
Decidua

231
Q

What is the fetal contribution to the placenta?

A

Chorion

232
Q

What is the maternal contribution to the placenta?

A

Decidua

233
Q

What guides the fetal vessels into the uterus?

A

Chorionic villi

234
Q

What part of the placenta participates in the exchange of nutrients/wastes/etc?

A

Decidua

235
Q

What in the placenta aids in protecting the fetus from maternal immune attack?

A

Decidua

236
Q

When does the placenta allow the passage of maternal IgG’s to the fetus as early as?

A

20 weeks

237
Q

What takes over progesterone production once the corpus luteum regresses?

A

The placenta

238
Q

When does the corpus luteum regress and the placenta takes over progesterone production?

A

By 8 weeks

239
Q

What is the embryonic process where the rudiments of the CNS become established?

A

Neurulation

240
Q

What is it called when a flat sheet of cells is converted into a hollow tube?

A

Embryonic folding

241
Q

What is it called when you sample amniotic fluid with a needle to examine fetal chromosomes?

A

Amniocentesis

242
Q

When is amniocentesis done?

A

10-12 weeks

243
Q

What do primordial germ cells give rise to?

A

Gonadal ridge
Hemopoietic stem cells

244
Q

What does the gonadal ridge give rise to?

A

Gonads (ovaries, testes)

245
Q

What does the hemopoietic stem cells give rise to?

A

Blood cells

246
Q

What structure becomes part of the umbilical cord and urinary bladder, and is critical in the development of extraembryonic membranes?

A

Allantois

247
Q

What is it called when villus cells are biopsied?

A

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

248
Q

When does CVS occur?

A

15-18 weeks

249
Q

At what day does the neural tube form from the neural groove?

A

Day 18

250
Q

Where does the neural tube form?

A

Dorsum of the embryo

251
Q

When should the anterior portion of the neural tube close?

A

Day 25

252
Q

When should the posterior portion of the neural tube close?

A

Day 27

253
Q

What is an anterior neural tube defect called?

A

Anencephaly

254
Q

What is a posterior neural tube defect called?

A

Spina bifida

255
Q

What are NTD indicated by?

A

Increased alpha fetal protein

256
Q

What increases NTD risk?

A

Folic acid deficiency

257
Q

What is the process of giving birth?

A

Parturition

258
Q

What does the fetus release to signal maternal posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin?

A

Cortisol

259
Q

What does oxytocin cause in the mother?

A

Uterine contractions

BIO 142 (16 decks)

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