Practical 1: The Heart Flashcards
What are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What color are arteries usually? When are they different?
Usually red
Blue in the pulmonary and placental arteries
Why are arteries usually red?
The high concentration of oxygen
What are the blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart?
Veins
What color are veins usually? When are they different?
Usually blue
Red in the pulmonary and placental veins
Why are veins usually blue?
They have a relatively low level of oxygen
What is the tunica media?
Middle layer of tissue in the walls of blood vessels
Is the tunica media thicker or thinner in veins?
Tunica media is thinner in veins
Is the tunica media thicker or thinner in arteries?
Tunica media is thicker in arteries
Do arteries have valves?
Arteries typically don’t have valves, other than the pulmonary and aortic arteries
Do veins have valves?
Yes, many veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward and help pump blood toward the heart
A
Right Brachiocephalic V
B
Left Brachiocephalic V
C
Superior Vena Cava
D
Right Auricle
E
Right Coronary A
F
Small cardiac V
G
Apex
H
Great cardiac V
I
Anterior Interventricular A
J
Left auricle
K
Pulmonary trunk
L
Left pulmonary A
M
Ascending aorta
N
Ligamentum arteriosum
O
Aortic arch
P
Left subclavian A
Q
Left common carotid A
R
Brachiocephalic trunk
A
Left pulmonary A
B
Left pulmonary V
C
Left atrium is inside here
D (Red AND Blue)
Circumflex A AND Great Cardiac V coming around from the anterior surface
E
Coronary sinus
F
Apex
G
Middle cardiac V
H
Posterior interventricular A
I
Right coronary A
J
Inferior vena cava
K
Right pulmonary V
L
Right pulmonary A
M
Superior vena cava
N
Aortic arch
A
Left subclavian A
B
Aortic arch
D
Left pulmonary V
C
Left pulmonary A
E
Left atrium is inside here
F
Right pulmonary V
G
Right pulmonary A
H
Azygos V
I
Superior vena cava
J
Brachiocephalic trunk
K
Common carotid A
A
Location of sino atrial node
B
Pectinate muscles
C
Fossa ovalis
D: What was C in the fetus?
Foramen ovale
E
Interatrial septum
F
Atrioventricular node of the conducting fibers
G
Opening of the inferior vena cava
H
Opening of the coronary sinus
I
Inferior vena cava
A
Right atrium
B
Right coronary A
C
Tricuspid valve
D
Chordae tendineae
E (behind the white thing)
Right ventricle
F
Papillary muscles
G
Trabeculae carneae
H
Apex
I
Trabeculae carneae
J
Papillary muscles
K (the region here, not the tip of the arrow)
Left ventricle
L
Chordae tendineae
M
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
N
Circumflex A
O (Blue)
Great cardiac V
P
Pulmonary veins
Q
Pulmonary arteries
R
Pulmonary trunk
T
Superior vena cava
S
Ascending aorta
U
Right pulmonary A
A
Pulmonary semilunar valve
B
Tricuspid valve
C
Chordae tendineae
D
Interventricular septum
E
Papillary muscle
F
Trabeculae carneae
G
Outer wall of right ventricle
H
Visceral pericardium, or epicardium
I
Myocardium
J
Endocardium
K
Trabeculae carneae
L
Papillary muscle
M
Chordae tendineae
N
Mitral or bicuspid valve
O: Which letter is the location of the interventricular bundle branches?
D
A
Left pulmonary V
B (Red AND blue)
Circumflex A and great cardiac V
C
Mitral or bicuspid valve
D
Left auricle
E
Right atrium
F
Left pulmonary A
G
Aortic arch
H
Left subclavian A
I
Left common carotid A
L
Right pulmonary A
B
Pulmonary semilunar valve
J
Superior vena cava
A
Left auricle
M
Right pulmonary Vs
K
Azygos V
D
Interventricular septum
C
Right auricle
E
Aortic semilunar valve
F: What letter is the location of the interventricular bundle branches?
D
What does vide superioris mean?
Looking down from above
B
Tricuspid valve
C
Aortic semilunar valve
D
Pulmonary semilunar valve
E
Bicuspid or mitral valve
A
Left pulmonary A
B
Left atrium (inside)
C
Left pulmonary Vs
D
Coronary sinus
E
Apex
F
Posterior interventricular A
G
Inferior vena cava
H
Right pulmonary Vs
I
Right pulmonary A
1
Middle cardiac V
A: Which letter is the primary pacemaker?
D
B: At what rate does the primary pacemaker generate AP?
100 bpm
C: What slows the AP, and how slow does it go?
The vagus nerve slows the bpm to 75 bpm
D
Sinoatrial node
E
Atrioventricular node
F: What is it called when the speed of the AP is slowed by the AV Node for optimal ventricle filling?
Atrioventricular node delay
G: What is the bpm for nodal or junctional rhythm?
40-50 bpm
H: What does nodal or junctional rhythm indicate?
This indicates a pathology.
The atrioventricular node (secondary pacemaker) is controlling the heart, which means something is wrong with the primary pacemaker (sinoatrial node).
I1. What is the collection of fibers?
I2. Where is this located?
I1. Atrioventricular bundle
I2. Interventricular septum
J
Right and Left atrioventricular bundle branches
K: How fast do Purkinje fibers generate AP?
Very slow, < 30 bpm
L: What does a bpm of < 30 indicate?
Failure of both the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes (primary and secondary pacemakers)
M
Purkinje fibers
What nervous system slows the heartbeat by stimulation of the vagus nerve?
Parasympathetic
What is the secondary pacemaker?
Atrioventricular node
1
P
2
Q
3
R
4
S
5
T
6
U
A: What do ECG/EKGs represent?
All electrical events in all the heart muscles combined
B: Which # indicates atrial depolarization?
1 (P wave)
C: When does atrial depolarization happen?
Just prior to contraction
D: What #s are the QRS complex?
2, 3, 4
E: When does ventricular depolarization happen?
After an interval of - 0.1 seconds
F: What hides the atrial repolarization wave?
QRS complex
G: When does ventricular repolarization occur?
5 (T wave)
H: Which wave is enhanced by hypokalemia (low potassium in the blood)?
6 (U wave)
I: Which wave is of an unknown origin?
6 (U wave)
Which wave is not always visible on normal EKGs?
6 (U wave)
A
Ascending aorta
B
Brachiocephalic trunk
C
Left common carotid artery
D
Left subclavian artery
E
Descending thoracic aorta
F
Aortic arch
A
Ascending aorta
B
Brachiocephalic trunk
C
Left common carotid A
D
Left subclavian artery
E
Descending thoracic aorta
F
Aortic arch
G
Ligamentum arteriosum
What was G in the fetus?
Ductus arteriosus
A
Right subclavian A
B
Right internal jugular V
C
Right subclavian V
D
Right brachiocephalic V
E
Left brachiocephalic V
F
Aortic arch
G
Superior vena cava
H
Ascending aorta
I
Right auricle
J (red line around top)
Right coronary A
K
Pulmonary trunk
L
Anterior interventricular A
M
Great cardiac V
N
Apex
O
Left auricle
P
Left pulmonary Vs
Q
Descending thoracic aorta
R
Left pulmonary A
S
Ligamentum arteriosum
T
Left subclavian V
U
Left subclavian A
V (BLUE)
Left internal jugular V
W
Left common carotid A
X
Trachea
Y
Brachiocephalic trunk
Z
Right common carotid A
1: What was S in the fetus?
Ductus Arteriosus
A
Ascending aorta
B
Right coronary A
C
Pulmonary semilunar valve
D
Anterior interventricular A
E
Great cardiac V
F
Circumflex A
G
Great cardiac V
H
Left coronary A
A
Left pulmonary Vs
B
Coronary sinus
C
Great cardiac V
D
Circumflex A
E
Posterior interventricular A
F
Middle cardiac V
G
Right coronary A
H
Inferior vena cava
A
Right brachiocephalic V
B
Superior vena cava
C
Right auricle
D & E (They are the same!)
Right coronary A
F
Small cardiac V
G
Apex
H
Great cardiac V
I
Anterior interventricular A
J
Pulmonary trunk
K
Left auricle
L
Left pulmonary A
M
Ascending aorta
N
Left common carotid A
O
Aortic arch
P
Brachiocephalic trunk
Q
Left brachiocephalic V
A
ARROW SHOULD BE TO THE NUB TO THE LEFT, I.E., THE MIDDLE NUB
Left common carotid A
B
Left subclavian A
C
Left pulmonary A
D
Descending thoracic aorta
E
Left pulmonary Vs
F
Coronary sinus
H
Posterior interventricular A
G
Middle cardiac V
I
Apex
J
Inferior vena cava
K
Right pulmonary Vs
L
Right pulmonary A
M
Azygos V
N
Superior vena cava
O
Left brachiocephalic V
A
Right brachiocephalic V
B
Superior vena cava
C
Ascending aorta
D
Right coronary A
E
Right atrium
F
Inferior vena cava
G
Right ventricle
H
Small cardiac V
I
Right coronary A
J
Papillary muscles
K
Trabeculae carneae
L
Apex
M
Trabeculae carneae
N
Papillary muscles
O
Left ventricle
P
Chordae tendineae
Q
Mitral or bicuspid valve
R
Circumflex A
S
Great cardiac V
T
Pulmonary trunk
U
Left pulmonary A
V
Aortic arch
W
Left subclavian A
X
Left common carotid A
Y
Brachiocephalic trunk
Z
Left brachiocephalic V
B
Circumflex A
A
Great cardiac V
C
Epicardium or visceral pericardium
D
Interventricular septum
E
Myocardium
F
Endocardium
A
Right coronary A
B
Left auricle
C
Left coronary A
E
Right coronary A
D
Pulmonary semilunar valve
F
Small cardiac V
G (whole structure, not just wall)
Right Auricle
H
Pectinate muscles
A
Right brachiocephalic V
B
Left brachiocephalic V
C
Superior vena cava
D
Ascending aorta
E
Right auricle
F (RED)
Anterior interventricular A
G
Great cardiac V
H
Left auricle
I
Pulmonary trunk
J
Left pulmonary A
K
Aortic arch
L
Left common carotid A
M
Left subclavian A
N
Brachiocephalic trunk
A
Aortic arch
B
Ascending aorta
C
Descending thoracic aorta
D
Posterior segmental As
E: What does D branch to?
Posterior intercostals
F
Inferior vena cava
G
Right pulmonary Vs
H
Right pulmonary A
I
Azygos V
J
Superior vena cava
K
Right brachiocephalic V
L
Left brachiocephalic V
A
Left common carotid A
B
Left subclavian A
C
Trachea
D
Esophagus
E
Descending thoracic aorta
F
Posterior segmental
G: What does F branch into?
Posterior intercostals
H
Right pulmonary A
I
Azygos V
J
Superior vena cava
K
Brachiocephalic trunk
L
Right subclavian A
M
Right subclavian V
N
Right internal jugular V
O
Right common carotid A
P
Left brachiocephalic V
Q
Left internal jugular V
A
Left brachiocephalic V
B
Left internal jugular V
C
Left common carotid A
D
Left subclavian V
E
Left subclavian A
F
Descending thoracic aorta
G
Posterior segmental As
H: What does G branch into?
Posterior intercostals
I
Right pulmonary A
J
Azygos V
K
Superior vena cava
L
Brachiocephalic trunk
M
Right subclavian A
N
Right subclavian V
O
Right internal jugular V
P
Right common carotid A
A
Superior vena cava
B
Right pulmonary A
C
Right pulmonary V
D
Right auricle
E (RED)
Right coronary A
F (BLUE)
Small cardiac V
G
Anterior interventricular A
H
Great cardiac V
I
Apex
J
Pulmonary trunk
K
Left auricle
L
Left pulmonary V
M
Left pulmonary A
N
Location of ligamentum arteriosum
O
Ascending aorta
A
Right auricle
B
Left auricle
C
Left ventricular wall
D
Right ventricular wall
E
Interventricular septum
F
Pectinate muscles
A
Tricuspid valve
B
Pulmonary trunk/arteries
C
Lungs
D
Pulmonary V
E
Left atrium
F
Left ventricle
G
Mitral valve
H
Entire body
I
Real aortic path
J
Real pulmonary trunk path
K (What does the blue arrow represent?)
Deoxygenated blood
Will go to lungs to get O2
L (What does the red arrow represent?)
Oxygenated blood
Will deliver O2 to the body
