Practical 2: Endocrine Flashcards
Do endocrine structures have ducts?
NO
Do exocrine structures have ducts?
Yes
What structures produce hormones and their receptors?
Endocrine
Where do hormones go?
Directly into the blood vessels
What are examples of exocrine products?
Tears, sweat, oil, mucus, saliva, gastric enzymes, bicarb
Do hormones have specific sites for functioning?
Yes, its target organ/tissue/cell
What must the target organ/tissue/cell have for a hormone to work?
A receptor
Where are hormone receptors?
Usually on the cell membrane, but also on cytoplasm or nucleoplasm
A
Pineal gland
B
Hypothalamus
C
Infundibulum
D
Pituitary gland/hypophysis
What does the pineal gland produce?
Serotonin- day
Melatonin- night
What does the hypothalamus produce?
Releasing hormones
Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin
Oxytocin
What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis
Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
Cause the thyroid to produce Triiodothyronine (T3)
What is the inactive form of Triiodothyronine (T3)?
Thyroxine (T4)
Where is Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) do?
Cause the adrenal glands to release cortisol
Where is the Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
What does the follicle stimulating hormone do in males vs females?
Males- stimulates spermatogenesis
Females- causes ovaries to make estrogen
Where is Luteinizing hormone (LH) made?
Anterior pituitary gland
What does Luteinizing hormone do in males vs females?
Males- causes testes to make testosterone
Females- stimulates ovulation
Where is Prolactin (PRL) made?
Anterior pituitary gland
What does Prolactin (PRL) do?
Stimulates milk production
Where is the Growth hormone (GH)/Somatotropin produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
What does the Growth hormone/Somatotrophin do?
Stimulates mitosis and cell differentiation
What is another name for the Posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
What is stored in the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Where are Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin made?
Hypothalamus
A
Third ventricle
B
Hypothalamus
C
“Releasing” hormones
D
Regulate the pituitary gland
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
B
Hormones effecting various aspects of physiology
C
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
D
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
B
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
B
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
A
Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis
B
Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis
A
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
B
Thyroid gland
What is the thyroid gland stimulated by? Where is this stimulator from?
Thyroid stimulating hormone from Anterior pituitary
What are thyroid follicles filled with?
Colloid
What surrounds the pink colloid?
Follicular cells
What do follicular cells produce?
Thyroxine (T4)
Is thyroxine (T4) active or inactive?
Inactive
What does Triiodothyronine (T3) do?
As the active form of Thyroxine (T4), it increases metabolism
What cells are outside of the thyroid follicles?
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
What do parafollicular cells produce?
Calcitonin
What does calcitonin do?
Decreases blood Ca++ levels by increasing osteoblast activity (building bone)
What are the glands behind the thyroid gland? How many are there?
Parathyroid glands (4)
What do the parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
Increases blood Ca++ levels by breaking down bone (which releases Ca++ into blood)
What gland is wrapped around the anterior and lateral aspects of the trachea below the larynx?
Thyroid gland
What does colloid contain?
Glycoproteins
What do the 3 and 4 of T3 and T4 mean?
The # of iodine atoms
A
Parafollicular cells
B
Calcitonin
C
Reduces blood calcium levels by using it to build bone
D
Follicular cells
E
Releases thyroxin (T4) from the colloid
F
Triiodothyronine (T3)
G
Colloid
H
Parathyroid gland
I
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
J
Increases blood calcium levels by digesting bone
A
Parafollicular cells
B
Follicular cells
C
Colloid
D
Parathyroid gland
A
Parafollicular cells
B
Follicular cells
C
Colloid
D
Parathyroid gland
A
Parafollicular cells
B
Follicular cells
C
Colloid
D
Parathyroid gland
A
Follicular cells
B
Simple cuboidal
C
Colloid
D
Thyroid hormones
E
Parafollicular cells
A
Thymus
B
Maturation of T Lymphocytes (T cells)
C
Prominent in children
Regresses in adults
D
Heart
Where is the thymus located?
Above the heart
When is the thymus the largest?
Children (gets smaller as you age)
What is the thymus made up of?
Lymphocytes
A
Thymus
B
T Lymphocytes (T cells)
Where are alpha and beta cells found?
Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
What do alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
What do beta cells produce?
Insulin
How do alpha cells increase plasma glucose levels?
By freeing glucose from hepatic glycogen
How do beta cells decrease blood glucose levels?
By stimulating update of glucose into cells
What cells surround the islets of Langerhans?
Acinar cells
What do acinar cells do?
Produce digestive enzymes and bicarb (which neutralizes the stomach acid)
A
Pancreas
A
Islets of Langerhans
B
Alpha and Beta cells
C
Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin
D
Acinar cells
E
Produce digestive enzymes and bicarb
F
Into the small intestines
A
Acinar cells
B
Exocrine
C
Islets of Langerhans
D
Endocrine
What does the adrenal cortex make?
Steroids
Are steroids a type of hormone?
Yes
What is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
What does the zona glomerulosa produce?
Mineralocorticoids (a subclass of steroids)
What specific mineralocorticoid hormone is responsible for increasing Na+ reabsorption from the kidneys back into the plasma?
Aldosterone
Does aldosterone make water retention, or water release?
Water retention
What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona fasciculata
What is produced in the zona fasiculata?
Glucocorticoids (subclass of steroids)
What specific glucocorticoid is an anti-stress hormone that helps decrease inflammatory response?
Cortisol
What is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis
What does the zona reticularis produce?
Sex steroids (subclass of steroids)
What are examples of sex steroids?
Testosterone, estrogen, etc.
What part of the adrenal gland produces sympathetic/adrenergic hormones?
Adrenal medulla
What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
Increase HR, SOC, vasoconstriction, BP
A
Adrenal or suprarenal gland
B
Kidney
A
Adrenal cortex
B
Adrenal medulla
A
Adrenal cortex
B
Steroid hormones
C
Adrenal medulla
D
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
E
Sympathetic NS
F
Cortex
A
Pineal gland
B
Serotonin- day
Melatonin- night
A
Testes
B
Testosterone
C
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
A
Ovaries
B
Estrogen
Progesterone
C
Estrogen- Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Progesterone- Maintains the uterus for pregnancy
What are chemical messengers called?
Hormones
Where is they hypothalamus located?
Midbrain
What attaches the Pituitary gland/hypophysis to the hypothalamus?
The infundibulum
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Hypophyseal fossa
What germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland?
Ectoderm
Which lobe of the pituitary is “darker” and “busier”? (Anterior or posterior)
Anterior pituitary
What is another name for Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)?
Gonadotropin
What in the ovaries produces estrogen from testosterone?
Granulosa cells
What in the testes produces testosterone?
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
What is another way of saying milk production?
Lactation
What is another way of saying “after giving birth”?
After parturition
Which lobe of the pituitary is “lighter”? (Anterior or posterior)
Posterior pituitary
What is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictors in the body?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin (VP)
How does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin cause water retention?
By increasing the # of water channels in the kidney’s tubules
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates uterine contractions and milk “let down” during lactation
Is the islets of langerhans (pancreas) usually lighter or darker?
Lighter
Where is the pineal gland located?
Midbrain
What is used to regulate our sleep/wake cycle, AKA circadian rhythm?
Melatonin
What hormone has been suggested to play a role in the onset of puberty, as it affects when animals go into heat?
Melatonin
What is the pineal gland a major component of?
The biological clock
How is the pineal gland distinguished histologically?
Thanks to it possessing pineal sand (AKA “brain sand”) made up of calcium carbonate
