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BIO 142 > Practical 2: Endocrine > Flashcards

Practical 2: Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Do endocrine structures have ducts?

A

NO

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2
Q

Do exocrine structures have ducts?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What structures produce hormones and their receptors?

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

Where do hormones go?

A

Directly into the blood vessels

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5
Q

What are examples of exocrine products?

A

Tears, sweat, oil, mucus, saliva, gastric enzymes, bicarb

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6
Q

Do hormones have specific sites for functioning?

A

Yes, its target organ/tissue/cell

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7
Q

What must the target organ/tissue/cell have for a hormone to work?

A

A receptor

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8
Q

Where are hormone receptors?

A

Usually on the cell membrane, but also on cytoplasm or nucleoplasm

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9
Q

A

A

Pineal gland

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10
Q

B

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

C

A

Infundibulum

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12
Q

D

A

Pituitary gland/hypophysis

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13
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Serotonin- day
Melatonin- night

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14
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Releasing hormones
Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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15
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

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16
Q

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

A

Cause the thyroid to produce Triiodothyronine (T3)

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18
Q

What is the inactive form of Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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19
Q

Where is Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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20
Q

What does adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) do?

A

Cause the adrenal glands to release cortisol

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21
Q

Where is the Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

What does the follicle stimulating hormone do in males vs females?

A

Males- stimulates spermatogenesis
Females- causes ovaries to make estrogen

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23
Q

Where is Luteinizing hormone (LH) made?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone do in males vs females?

A

Males- causes testes to make testosterone
Females- stimulates ovulation

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25
Q

Where is Prolactin (PRL) made?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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26
Q

What does Prolactin (PRL) do?

A

Stimulates milk production

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27
Q

Where is the Growth hormone (GH)/Somatotropin produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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28
Q

What does the Growth hormone/Somatotrophin do?

A

Stimulates mitosis and cell differentiation

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29
Q

What is another name for the Posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

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30
Q

What is stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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31
Q

Where are Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin made?

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

A

A

Third ventricle

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33
Q

B

A

Hypothalamus

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34
Q

C

A

“Releasing” hormones

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35
Q

D

A

Regulate the pituitary gland

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36
Q

A

A

Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis

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37
Q

B

A

Hormones effecting various aspects of physiology

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38
Q

C

A

Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis

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39
Q

D

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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40
Q

A

A

Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis

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41
Q

B

A

Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis

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42
Q

A

A

Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis

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43
Q

B

A

Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis

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44
Q

A

A

Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis

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45
Q

B

A

Posterior pituitary gland/Neurohypophysis

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46
Q

A

A

Thyroid cartilage of the larynx

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47
Q

B

A

Thyroid gland

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48
Q

What is the thyroid gland stimulated by? Where is this stimulator from?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone from Anterior pituitary

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49
Q

What are thyroid follicles filled with?

A

Colloid

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50
Q

What surrounds the pink colloid?

A

Follicular cells

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51
Q

What do follicular cells produce?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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52
Q

Is thyroxine (T4) active or inactive?

A

Inactive

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53
Q

What does Triiodothyronine (T3) do?

A

As the active form of Thyroxine (T4), it increases metabolism

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54
Q

What cells are outside of the thyroid follicles?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

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55
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce?

A

Calcitonin

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56
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases blood Ca++ levels by increasing osteoblast activity (building bone)

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57
Q

What are the glands behind the thyroid gland? How many are there?

A

Parathyroid glands (4)

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58
Q

What do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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59
Q

What does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

Increases blood Ca++ levels by breaking down bone (which releases Ca++ into blood)

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60
Q

What gland is wrapped around the anterior and lateral aspects of the trachea below the larynx?

A

Thyroid gland

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61
Q

What does colloid contain?

A

Glycoproteins

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62
Q

What do the 3 and 4 of T3 and T4 mean?

A

The # of iodine atoms

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63
Q

A

A

Parafollicular cells

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64
Q

B

A

Calcitonin

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65
Q

C

A

Reduces blood calcium levels by using it to build bone

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66
Q

D

A

Follicular cells

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67
Q

E

A

Releases thyroxin (T4) from the colloid

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68
Q

F

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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69
Q

G

A

Colloid

70
Q

H

A

Parathyroid gland

71
Q

I

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

72
Q

J

A

Increases blood calcium levels by digesting bone

73
Q

A

A

Parafollicular cells

74
Q

B

A

Follicular cells

75
Q

C

A

Colloid

76
Q

D

A

Parathyroid gland

77
Q

A

A

Parafollicular cells

78
Q

B

A

Follicular cells

79
Q

C

A

Colloid

80
Q

D

A

Parathyroid gland

81
Q

A

A

Parafollicular cells

82
Q

B

A

Follicular cells

83
Q

C

A

Colloid

84
Q

D

A

Parathyroid gland

85
Q

A

A

Follicular cells

86
Q

B

A

Simple cuboidal

87
Q

C

A

Colloid

88
Q

D

A

Thyroid hormones

89
Q

E

A

Parafollicular cells

90
Q

A

A

Thymus

91
Q

B

A

Maturation of T Lymphocytes (T cells)

92
Q

C

A

Prominent in children
Regresses in adults

93
Q

D

A

Heart

94
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Above the heart

95
Q

When is the thymus the largest?

A

Children (gets smaller as you age)

96
Q

What is the thymus made up of?

A

Lymphocytes

97
Q

A

A

Thymus

98
Q

B

A

T Lymphocytes (T cells)

99
Q

Where are alpha and beta cells found?

A

Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

100
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

101
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

102
Q

How do alpha cells increase plasma glucose levels?

A

By freeing glucose from hepatic glycogen

103
Q

How do beta cells decrease blood glucose levels?

A

By stimulating update of glucose into cells

104
Q

What cells surround the islets of Langerhans?

A

Acinar cells

105
Q

What do acinar cells do?

A

Produce digestive enzymes and bicarb (which neutralizes the stomach acid)

106
Q

A

A

Pancreas

107
Q

A

A

Islets of Langerhans

108
Q

B

A

Alpha and Beta cells

109
Q

C

A

Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin

110
Q

D

A

Acinar cells

111
Q

E

A

Produce digestive enzymes and bicarb

112
Q

F

A

Into the small intestines

113
Q

A

A

Acinar cells

114
Q

B

A

Exocrine

115
Q

C

A

Islets of Langerhans

116
Q

D

A

Endocrine

117
Q

What does the adrenal cortex make?

A

Steroids

118
Q

Are steroids a type of hormone?

A

Yes

119
Q

What is the outermost zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa

120
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids (a subclass of steroids)

121
Q

What specific mineralocorticoid hormone is responsible for increasing Na+ reabsorption from the kidneys back into the plasma?

A

Aldosterone

122
Q

Does aldosterone make water retention, or water release?

A

Water retention

123
Q

What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona fasciculata

124
Q

What is produced in the zona fasiculata?

A

Glucocorticoids (subclass of steroids)

125
Q

What specific glucocorticoid is an anti-stress hormone that helps decrease inflammatory response?

A

Cortisol

126
Q

What is the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona reticularis

127
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Sex steroids (subclass of steroids)

128
Q

What are examples of sex steroids?

A

Testosterone, estrogen, etc.

129
Q

What part of the adrenal gland produces sympathetic/adrenergic hormones?

A

Adrenal medulla

130
Q

What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

131
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Increase HR, SOC, vasoconstriction, BP

132
Q

A

A

Adrenal or suprarenal gland

133
Q

B

A

Kidney

134
Q

A

A

Adrenal cortex

135
Q

B

A

Adrenal medulla

136
Q

A

A

Adrenal cortex

137
Q

B

A

Steroid hormones

138
Q

C

A

Adrenal medulla

139
Q

D

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

140
Q

E

A

Sympathetic NS

141
Q

F

A

Cortex

142
Q

A

A

Pineal gland

143
Q

B

A

Serotonin- day
Melatonin- night

144
Q

A

A

Testes

145
Q

B

A

Testosterone

146
Q

C

A

Primary and secondary sexual characteristics

147
Q

A

A

Ovaries

148
Q

B

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

149
Q

C

A

Estrogen- Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Progesterone- Maintains the uterus for pregnancy

150
Q

What are chemical messengers called?

A

Hormones

151
Q

Where is they hypothalamus located?

A

Midbrain

152
Q

What attaches the Pituitary gland/hypophysis to the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum

153
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Hypophyseal fossa

154
Q

What germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland?

A

Ectoderm

155
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is “darker” and “busier”? (Anterior or posterior)

A

Anterior pituitary

156
Q

What is another name for Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Gonadotropin

157
Q

What in the ovaries produces estrogen from testosterone?

A

Granulosa cells

158
Q

What in the testes produces testosterone?

A

Leydig cells (interstitial cells)

159
Q

What is another way of saying milk production?

A

Lactation

160
Q

What is another way of saying “after giving birth”?

A

After parturition

161
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is “lighter”? (Anterior or posterior)

A

Posterior pituitary

162
Q

What is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictors in the body?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin (VP)

163
Q

How does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin cause water retention?

A

By increasing the # of water channels in the kidney’s tubules

164
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk “let down” during lactation

165
Q

Is the islets of langerhans (pancreas) usually lighter or darker?

A

Lighter

166
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Midbrain

167
Q

What is used to regulate our sleep/wake cycle, AKA circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin

168
Q

What hormone has been suggested to play a role in the onset of puberty, as it affects when animals go into heat?

A

Melatonin

169
Q

What is the pineal gland a major component of?

A

The biological clock

170
Q

How is the pineal gland distinguished histologically?

A

Thanks to it possessing pineal sand (AKA “brain sand”) made up of calcium carbonate

BIO 142 (13 decks)

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