PPt.12: Biological Molecules Unit 2 Flashcards
Chemistry of carbon-containing compound
Organic Chemistry
Long chain molecules
Polymers
Process of forming polymers
Polymerization
Attach to the carbon backbone and determine the actual properties of an organic compound
Functional Group
The process of converting light energy into chemical bond energy
Photosynthesis
A type of cleavage reaction that breaks polymers into smaller units (monomers)
Hydrolosis
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen usually in the proportion 1:2:1
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Example of monosaccharide
Fructose
An important sugar that is used by your body for energy or to form larger energy-storing and structural polymers
Glucose
Double sugars formed from monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Disaccharides formed by _______ _______
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrogen group represented as
(-H)
Hydroxyl group represented as
(-OH)
Carboxyl group represented as
(-COOH)
Amino group represented as
(-NH2)
Phosphate group represented as
(-PO4)
Methyl group represented as
(-CH3)
Hydrogen group composed of
Almost all organic molecules
Hydroxyl group composed of
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, alcohols and acids
Carboxyl group composed of
Amino acids, fatty acids
Carboxyl group composed of
Amino acids, fatty acis
Amino group composed of
Aminoacids, nucleic acids
Phosphate group composed of
Nucleic acids, phospholipids
Methyl group composed of
Many organic molecules, lipids
acts as a base; found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+
Amino Group
If group is at end of the carbon; within a carbon skeleton
Carbonyl Group
Acts as an acid because it can donate hydrogen ions
Carboxyl Group
Polar, can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules to dissolve polar compounds
Hydroxyl Group and Phosphate Group
Enzymes remove an -OH from one molecule and an -H from another, then join to form a water molecule
Condensation Dehydration Synthesis
Enzymes remove an -OH from one molecule and an -H from another, then join to form a water molecule
Condensation Dehydration Synthesis
Type of cleavage reaction that breaks polymers into smaller units (monomers)
Hydrolysis
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in proportion 1:2:1
Carbohydrates
Double sugars formed from monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
Complex carbohydrates composed of many simple sugar molecules joined together
Polysaccharides
Covalent bonds between two simple sugars within a disaccharide or polysaccharide
Alpha/Beta linkages
Easily digested by humans
Alpha
Stronger and more stable
Beta
Nitrogen containing polysaccharide
Chitin
Molecules that share two important features
1) Contain long regions composed almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms joined by non-polar bonds
2) Non-polar regions make _______ hydrophobic and insoluble in water
Lipids
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end
Fatty acids
In blood plasma, come from fats eaten in foods or made in the body
Trigylcerides
All carbons occupied with hydrogens, holding as many hydrogens as possible
Saturated fatty acids
Have at least one carbon with a double bond, which causes kinks that keep molecules apart, maintaining liquid state
Unsaturated fatty acids
Fats produced by heating liquid vegetable oils in presence of hydrogen known as hydrogenation
Trans fatty acids
Hard at room temperature, not a source of energy
Waxes
Form a lipid bilayer that serves as a boundary between cells and external environment
Phospholipids
Contains a hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion
Amphipathic
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Water fearing or resistant
Hydrophobic
Different because they are composed of four rings of carbon fused together with various functional groups attached
Steroids
Ex. Cholesterol, non-polar
Most important function is to serve as enzymes, biological catalysts that guide most chemical reactions in the body
Proteins
How do you know whether or not the amino acid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
If side chains (R groups) consist mainly of hydrogens and carbons they are hydrophobic
Result chain of two amino acids
Peptide
Refers to linear sequence of amino acids
Primary Structure
Hydrogen bonding occurs between atoms of polypeptide backbone
Secondary Structure
Coiled spiral
Helix
Oxygen-binding protein found in muscle tissue of vertebrates
Myoglobin
Complex, 3 dimensional arrangement protein chains
Tertiary Structure
2 cysteine amino acids found together with a strong double bond
Disulphide bonds
2 oppositely charged ‘R’ groups found close together
Ionic bonds
Several polypeptide chains formed together Ex. Hemoglobin
Quaternary Structure
One of the most abundant proteins in vertebrates
Collagen
Composed of necleotides, 3 part structure
Nucleic Acids
Contains proteins
RNA
Carry and store energy
Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP
