PPt. 17: Cell Reproduction Unit 3 Flashcards
The process by which one cell gives rise to two or more cells, usually called daughter cells
Cell division
The daughter cells or resulting organisms are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell that produced them
Asexual reproduction
Results in cells or organisms that are not genetically identical to each other or to the parent that produced them
Sexual reproduction
Cell splits into two daughter cells, each containing same genetic information
Binary fission
Division of nucleus, results in the formation of two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes
Mitosis
The division of cytoplasm into 2 new cells
Cytokinesis
Eggs and sperm known as _______
Gametes
Gametes are produced through
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Asexual Reproduction
B. Mitosis
Orderly sequence of activities that make up life of cell, from one division to next
Cell cycle
Long period of growth during which the cell replicates its DNA, followed by binary fission
Prokaryotic cell cycle
DNA is replicated during ______ phase
Growth
Alleles come from _______
Mutations
More complex, contain more DNA, DNA is packaged differently
Eukaryotic cell cycle
Sections of DNA that contain information that can be translated into action by cell
Genes
How is all of that DNA packaged so tightly into chromosomes and a tiny nucleus?
The fact that certain proteins compact chromosomal DNA into the microscopic space of the eukaryotic nucleus
Proteins, provide energy to fold DNA
Histones
Resulting DNA, protein complex
Chromatin
Chromatin is __% DNA and __% Proteins
40, 60
Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes
Nucleosome
Consists of approximately 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped in left-hand superhelical turns around a histone octamer
Core particle
Entire set of chromosomes contained within a cell
Karyotope
Cells that contain two copies of each chromosome
Diploid
Chromosomes within same gene
Homologous
Cell acquires nutrients from its surroundings, grows and duplicates genetic material
Interphase
Period where chromosomes are duplicated
Synthesis phase
Two strands of DNA, attached to each other at a region called the centromere
Chromatids
Protein structure for attaching chromatids to microtubules to move them
Kinetochore
The chromosomes shorten, thicken and become visisble with a light microscope
Prophase
Spindle fibers move duplicated chromosomes so they line up along the equator of the cell
Metaphase
Sister chromatids separate, becoming independent daughter chromosomes
Anaphase
Reverse of prophase, spindle microtubules disintegrate, nuclear membrane forms
Telophase
Vesicles from Golgi complex fuse together
Cell plate
When cell cycle goes wrong=_______
Cancer
Causes of cancer
Radiation, Heredity, Pesticides, Viruses
Leads to production of sex cells
Meiosis
Containing one chromosome
Haploid
Diploid condition restored with a zygote
Fertilization
Pairs of duplicated homologous chromosomes line up side by side so they line up their entire length
Prophase I
Consist of 4 chromatids bound together
Tetrads
2 chromosomes bound together
Bivalents
Spindle microtubules move the paired homologous chromosomes to equator of cell
Metaphase I
Spindle microtubules pull one duplicated chromosome from each homologous pair to each dividing cell
Anaphase I
Spindle microtubules disappear and the nuclear membrane is reformed around each cluster
Telophase I
Immediately after Meiosis I, identical to Mitosis
Meiosis II
Nuclear membranes reform to enclose each set of chromosomes, cytokinesis takes place
Telophase II
Homologous chromosomes come together
Crossing over
Line up along equator
Independent assortment
Fusion of gametes to form a new diploid individual, increase in genetic variability
Fertilization
Number of cells produced through Mitosis
2
Number of cells produced through Meiosis
4
