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POULTRY PRODUCTION Flashcards

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1
Q

popular because they are fats multipliers;

quick growers, more efficient feed converters

A

poultry

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2
Q

most popular poultry species

A

chicken

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3
Q

second most popular poultry species (for balut, salted egg, and century eggs)

A

duck

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4
Q

third most popular poultry species (for its eggs)

A

quail

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5
Q

orders of poultry (4)

A
  1. galliformes
  2. anserifomes
  3. struthioformes
  4. columbiformes
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6
Q

don’t have true phallus (copulatoty organ), v-shaped breast

A

galliformes

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7
Q

have true phallus, v-shaped breast

A

anseriformes

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8
Q

have flat breast

A

struthioformes

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9
Q

secrete “milk”

A

columbiformes

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10
Q

58g egg weight and 21 days incubation period

A

chicken

gallus gallus

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11
Q

80 -83g egg weight and 28 days incubation period

A

mallard pekin duck (meat)

anas plathyrynchos

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12
Q

60g egg weight and 28 days incubation period

A 
mallard duck (egg)
anas plathyrynchos
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13
Q

70g egg weight and 35 - 37 days incubation period

A 
muscovy duck (meat)
cairina moschata
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14
Q

85g egg weight and 28 days incubation period

A

turkey

meleagris gallopavo

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15
Q

12g egg weight and 16 - 18 days incubation period

A

quail

coturnix coturnix

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16
Q

17g egg weight and 18 days incubation period

A

pigeon

columba livia

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17
Q

200g egg weight and 30 - 31 days incubation period

A

geese

cygnopsos cygnoides

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18
Q

285g egg weight and 35 days incubation period

A

swan

olor columbianus

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19
Q

1400g egg weight and 42 days incubation period

A

ostrich

struthio australis

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20
Q

95g egg weight and 28 days incubation period

A

peafowl

pavo cristatus

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21
Q

32g egg weight and 23 - 24 days incubation period

A

pheasant

phasianus colchicus

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22
Q

40g egg weight and 28 days incubation period

A

guinea fowl

numida meleagris

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23
Q

galliformes

A 
chicken
turkey
quail
peafowl
pheasant
guinea fowl
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24
Q

anseriformes

A

ducks

swan

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25
Q

struthioformes

A

ostrich

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26
Q

columbiformes

A

pigeon

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27
Q

origin of red jungle fowl (gallus gallus)

A

native of southeast asia

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28
Q

gray jungle fowl

A

gallus sonnerati

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29
Q

ceylonese jungle fowl

A

gallus lafayetti

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30
Q

javan jungle fowl

A

gallus varius

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31
Q

.9 kg in weight and lays only a few eggs

A

hen of wild jungle fowls

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32
Q

weighs 1.5 - 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of age and lays as much as 320 eggs

A

modern hen

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33
Q

what brought the change in modern and wild hen

A
  1. genetic mutation

2. selection

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34
Q

changes in the genetic make-up of certain individuals due to factors that are w/in as well as factors that surround the subject;
change have been trasmitted to generation to generation w/ the possibility of being modified from time to time as more factors and more individuals interact w/ each other

A

genetic mutation

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35
Q

selctio (2)

A

natural selction

artificial selection

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36
Q 
natural selection 
(survival of the fittest)
A
  1. climatic differences

2. differences in nutrition

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37
Q

the interference of man in achieving certain goal and personal ideas example: (4)

A
  1. for meat
  2. eggs
  3. fighting cocks
  4. fancy feathers
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38
Q

group of chicken (fowls) possessing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes them from other chickens

A

breed

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39
Q

group of chicken w/in the breed w/c posseses the same plumage color and type of comb

A

variety

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40
Q

group of chickens w/in a variety of a brred w/c has under constant specific section of certain traits by as specified breeder for periods of a bout 5 - 8 years

A

strain

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41
Q

classification of breeds and varieties of chicken

A
  1. breed
  2. variety
  3. strain
  4. strain crosses
  5. line crosses or family lines
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42
Q

breeds of chicken classified by its utility

A
  1. egg class
  2. meat class
  3. genral pupose class
  4. fancy class
  5. fighting class
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43
Q 
breed belonging to this class is characterized by their compartively small size;
they are non sitters
A

egg class

*they lay large white shelled eggs. vey active and nervvous in temperament

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44
Q

examples of egg class (4)

A

leghorn, minorcas, anconas, mikawa

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45
Q

large breed, slow in movement, quiet and gentele in disposition;
generally poorer egg layers and generally lay browned shelled eggs

A

meat class

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46
Q

examples of meat class (5)

A

brahmas, cochin, langshans, cornish, white rocks

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47
Q 
breeds of chickens in this class are meduim sized, good layers and the young are fast growers;
not nervous as the egg class but much more active than the meat class
A

general purpose class

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48
Q

examples of general purpose class

A

new hampshire, rhode island red, plymouth rock, lancaster, nayoga, cantonese

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49
Q

brreds beautiful plumage or form of having a rare unusial apperance;
most of them are raise chiefly has ornamentals or pets by hobbyists, regardless of their value as a source of food

A

fancy class

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50
Q

examples of fancy class

A

frizzle, bantams, long tailed

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51
Q

these are groups of these kinds of chickens now developed by national and international aficionados in this game

A

fighting class

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52
Q

examples of fighting class

A

ruble, hulsey, claret, and oasis

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53
Q

under this classification, breeds and varieties are grouped according to their geographical origin

A

standard classification

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54
Q

standard classification (5)

*there are 189 varieties and about 40 breeds of chickens recognized by the american poultry association as of 1953 based on registry

A
  1. american class
  2. asiatic class
  3. mediterranean class
  4. english class
  5. other classes by origin
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55
Q

breeds and varieties thatv were developed in american continent

A

american class

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56
Q

most popular american class (5)

A
  1. plymouth rock
  2. wyandottes
  3. rhodes island reds
  4. new hampshire
  5. land caster
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57
Q

this breeds were developed in asia

A

asiatic class

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58
Q

examples of asiatic class (5)

A
  1. brahmas
  2. cochin
  3. langshan
  4. cantonese
  5. nagoya
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59
Q

it is related to its utility grouping since of the mediterranean origin is of the type breeds;
they produced large white shelled eggs

A

mediterranean class

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60
Q

examples of mediterranean class

A
  1. leghorn
  2. minorcas
  3. anconas
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61
Q

other classes by origin

of development are:

A
  1. polish
  2. hamburg
  3. french and oriental classes
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62
Q

specialized fields in poultry production

3 categories of poultry production

A
  1. breeding farm
  2. egg farm
  3. broiler farm
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63
Q

it is the system of researching or discovering the best combination of genes of parent stocks that will be the source of commercial chicks for the poultry producer;

the existing “strains” or probably across of various lines now available to a commercial poultry raiser is a product of very long studies by the geneticist

A
  1. breeding farm
  • there is no true commercial poultry breeding farm existing in the philippines as of 2003
  • poultry breeding farms in the country are franchised breeder farms from other international breeders
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64
Q

egg production older scheme of poultry production engaged in by many research;
all female type chicks are obtained from the reputable hatchery for this kind of stock.

A
  1. egg farm
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65
Q

2 phases of operations of egg farm

A
  1. raising pullets

2. keeping of layers per se when they are on the stage of egg production

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66
Q

it is the most recent specialized field in the philippines;

most growing of meat - type chicken essentially for meat production

A
  1. broiler farm

* stocks used for this pupose are so called broiler - type chicks

67
Q

known for their fast growth, meaty conformation and good feed conservation;
grown for a period of only about 6 - 7 weeks;

A

broiler - type chicks

  • both male and female are utilized for growing broilers.
  • male grow faster than females
68
Q

poultry reproductive system

A
  1. testices
  2. vas deferens
  3. papilla
  4. ovary
  5. infundibilum
  6. magnum
  7. isthmus
  8. uterus
  9. vagina
69
Q

produce sperm

A

testicles

70
Q

carries seminal fluid and sperm from the testicles to cloaca

A

vas deferens

71
Q

organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm inside the females’s reproductive tract

A

papilla

72
Q

produces the ovum

A

ovary

73
Q

recieves yolk from the ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place

A

infundibilum

74
Q

secretes the thick white of the egg (3 hours)

A

magnum

75
Q

2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white ( 1 1/4 hours)

A

isthmus

76
Q

completed egg is stored for a short time till laid (total: 25 -27 hrs)

A

vagina

77
Q

thin white and outer shell are added to the egg (20 hrs)

A

uterus

78
Q

environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs

natural:

A
  1. hen lay eggs 1 per day
  2. eggs hatch after 21 days
  3. broody - hen who is laying on her eggs
79
Q

environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs

Artificial incubation

A
  1. eggs of hen placed in incubator
  2. incubator temp and humidity = 97-102 degrees and 60%
  3. eggs turned 3-5x daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell
80
Q

selection of hatching eggs

grading exterior quality (4)

A
  1. cleanliness - shell should be free of debris or OM
  2. shape - small end and large end. not round or oblong
  3. soundness - no cracks
  4. size - not very small nor extremely large
81
Q

selection of hatching eggs

grading interior quality (3)

A
  1. air cell
  2. viscosity of albumen (white)
  3. check for abnormalities (blood/meat spots, cracks or leaks in shell
82
Q

it is done to test for quality and viability;
placing eggs against bright light such that the outline of the contents of the eggs is seen from the outside ;
used a candler or tester

A

candling

83
Q

3 periods of candling

A
  1. 4th or 5th day - to remove infertile eggs
  2. 13th or 14th day
  3. 18th day - remove dead embryos
84
Q

starts as soon as the chicks are placed in the brooder area where heat is supplied until the chicks gave grown to he point where they no longer need additional heat to keep them comfortable;
last for approximately 4 weeks

A

brooding

85
Q

type of brooder

A
  1. batterry-type brooder

2. cage brooder

86
Q

composed of compartment called tiers constructed on top of another, each compartment equipped w/ separate heater and provisions for feeding and drinking

A
  1. batterry-type brooder
87
Q

can be elevated slatted-floor or litter-floor type w/ capacity varying from few to several hundreds

A
  1. cage brooder
88
Q

temperature requirements

day old - 1 week

A

90 - 95 degrees fah (32. 2 - 35 deg cel)

89
Q

temperature requirements

1 - 2 weeks

A

85 - 90 deg fah (29.4 - 32. 2 deg cel)

90
Q

temperature requirements

2-3 weeks

A

80 - 83 deg fah (26.7 - 29.4 deg cel)

91
Q

temperature requirements

3-4 weeks

A

80 deg fah (26.7 deg cel and below)

92
Q

75 degress fah or cooler temp.
*chicks physiological reaction to existing environmental temp will indicate whether the temp is right, too low or too high

A

growing period

93
Q

egg type chickens
floor space requirements:

1 day - 3 wks
3 - 8 wks
8 - 12 wks

A
  1. 3 sq. ft/ bird
  2. 5 sq. ft/bird
  3. 0 sq.ft/bird
94
Q

meat type broiler
floor space requirements:

1 day - 2 wks
2 wks - market age

A
  1. 3 sq. ft/ bird

1. 0 sq.ft/bird

95
Q

sources of heat for brooders

A
  1. electricity
  2. LPG (liquefied pertroleum gas)
  3. infrared lamp
  4. kerosene lamp
  5. charcoal
96
Q

house features

A
  1. construction materials
  2. shape
  3. width
  4. height
  5. roof style
97
Q

construction materials

A
  • bamboo slats, nipa shingles, coco lumber

- GI sheets, aluminum sheet, wood, welded wire, plastic nets

98
Q

shape

A

long and narrow w/ east-west orientation

99
Q

width

A

10 - 12 meters

100
Q

floor height

floor to ceiling

A
  1. 8m or 5.9 ft.

2. 4m or 8 ft.

101
Q

roof style (5)

A
  1. shed type
  2. gable type
  3. combination
  4. monitor type
  5. semi-monitor
102
Q

very important in the development of new layers.

A

light

103
Q

will encourage the birds to keep close to source of heat, feed and water.

A

light in the brooder

104
Q

influence the production of larger eggs.

A

correct light to dark ratio in the rearing house

105
Q

favorable for growth because there is eating time if food is available.

A

during the first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks throughout the night (24hrs)

106
Q

one cardinal rule in lighting

A

never increase the light during growing period and never decrease light during the laying period

107
Q

what happen when you increase day length (light) during growing period of birds

A

it will 1. hasten sexual maturity w/c will result to prodution of more pullet eggs (small eggs),
2. layers are prone to prolapsed and shorter egg production cycle.

108
Q

addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be done ?

A

for the first 6-8 hrs during the arrival of the day old chick. (DOC)

109
Q

watering

A
  • availability of drinking water to the chicks must be emphasized
  • supplementation of water-soluble vitamin-mineral antibiotic preparation can give the chicks a good start too.
110
Q

Day old - 2 weeks

feeder (linear)
waterer

A
  1. 5 cm

0. 5 cm (1 gal/100 chicks)

111
Q

Day old 2 - 6 weeks

feeder (linear)
waterer

A
  1. 5 cm

1. 0

112
Q

Day old 6 - 10 weeks

feeder (linear)
waterer

A
  1. 5cm

2. 0

113
Q

day old chick

medication and route

A

Marek’s vaccine /

mass method/spray

114
Q

5-12 days

medication and route

A

NCD or Avian pest vaccine/

intranasal/intraocular

115
Q

21 days

medication and route

A

NCD/

mass method via drinking water

116
Q

6-8 weeks

medication and route

A

fowl pox

wing web

117
Q

is a bad habit developed by some growing birds.

usually starts from feather or toe pcking w/c may result to serious wounding and death birds

A

cannibalism

118
Q

possible causes of cannibalism are

A
  1. imbalanced ration - high energy diet w/ low protein leads to this problem
  2. overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space
  3. extended period w/o feed and water
  4. poor ventilation
  5. excessive heat and too much light
  6. it may also be strain characteristic
119
Q

factors affecting length of brooding period

A
  1. weather/climatic conditions - longer during cold and rainy months, shorter during dry and warm months.
  2. rate of feathering - shorter for fast feathering breeds/varieties/strains, longer for slow feathering: can be due to genetic meakeup or nytition of the birds.
120
Q

system of rearing

A
  1. range system
  2. semi-confinement system
  3. complete - confinement
121
Q

this is a good system but because of more land area required, this system is commonly practice by native chicken growers and by duck raisers

A
  1. range system
122
Q

this is a system of raising poutry where birds are provided w/ shed or housing and an area to graze or pasture
ex. native chicken, organic chicken production

A
  1. semi-confinement system
123
Q

the modern trend in raising commercial strains

A
  1. complete - confinement
124
Q
  1. complete - confinement (4)
A

a. litter floor
b. slat floor
c. combination
d. cages

125
Q

feeding requirements of growing pullets

6-14 weeks

A

grower ration - 16% protein

126
Q

feeding requirements of growing pullets

14 -20 weeks

A

pullet developer ration - 14% protein

127
Q

birds tends to lay eggs early when

A

feed of high protein content

*this is not desirable since early sexual maturity results in smaller pullets and consequently production of smaller eggs

128
Q 
rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)

completely full

A

30% of feed is wasted

129
Q 
rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)

2/3 full

A

10% of feed is wasted

130
Q 
rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)

1/2 full

A

3% of feed is wasted

131
Q 
rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)

1/3 full

A

1% of feed is wasted

132
Q 
rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration) note
A
  • feeding through should bot be filled more than 1/3 to prevent feed wastage.
  • feeder should be replenished 3-4 times aday to stimulate feed consumption
133
Q

rearing of pullets
signs of sexual maturity

*surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.

A
  1. comb and wattes begin to increase in size and the color becomes red
  2. pullet becomes friendly and cackle
  3. pullets instinctively looks for nest
  4. pullets become docile (easily manage) and gregarious (sociable)
  5. vent and abdomen become enlarge
134
Q

systems of rearing of layer flocks

A
  1. range system
  2. semi-cinfinement
  3. complete confinement
135
Q

housing for layer flocked

A

small poultry housing
large poultry house monitor or semi monitor
opensided
housing units for layers

136
Q

layer flocked management

brooder house

A

4-6 wks old; slatted or litter floor

137
Q

layer flocked management

growing house

A

4 or 6 wks old to 14-16 wks old; slatted or litter-floor

138
Q

layer house

A

14-16 wks onwards

139
Q

layer flocked management
layer houses
cages

single, multiply
colony

A

2-10 pullets
20-30 pullets

*local conditions - 3-4 birds/ cage give good performance

140
Q

daily routine of work in the layer house

A
  1. feeding
  2. watering
  3. egg collection
141
Q

layer flocked

will generally contain 15-18% protein level

A

layer ration

142
Q

feeding of layer flocked

day old - 6 weeks old

A

chicks starter mash; 20% CP

143
Q

feeding of layer flocked

6 - 12 weeks old

A

grower feeds; 16% CP

144
Q

feeding of layer flocked

12 - 18 weeks old

A

developer feeds; 14% CP

145
Q

feeding of layer flocked

18 - 42 weeks old

A

layer 1 feed ; 18% CP

146
Q

feeding of layer flocked

42 weeks to culling

A

layer 2 feeds 1; 7% CP

147
Q

feeding of layer flocked

consume about as low as 90 grams to as high as 140 grams a a day

one year consumption varies from 40 - 42 kilos per layer

A

mature laying hens

148
Q

watering of layer flocked

water content of egg

A

egg is about 65 - 70% water

149
Q

watering of layer flocked

can consume about 7 gallons of water during normal day and will drink much more when the temp. of the environment becomes higher

A

one hundred layers

150
Q

watering of layer flocked

must be available to the layers all the time

A

drinking water

151
Q

egg collection of layer flocked

A
  • they are capable of laying one a day but it is next to impossible to realize one-egg-one-day for long period of time
  • they are expected to skip some days in egg production
  • oviposition ( act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7am to as late as 4pm
  • majority of hens lay their eggs b/w 10am to 2pm.
  • the concentration of egg laying takes place before noon as a common observation
  • eggs must be collected in wire baskets to provide good air circulation
152
Q

flock replacement program

A
  • programs of replacement can vary fromm a set one flock EVERY 3 MONTHS
  • can be as often as monthly set up of replacement stocks depending on the program and availability of facilities
153
Q

biggest item in the operational cost

A

feed

154
Q

capitalization of broiler raising

A

it needs intensive capital, returns are quick but investments are high

155
Q

system of broiler operation

A
  1. all-in-all out system
  2. two stage operation
  3. multiple stage broiler operation
156
Q

only broiler of one being raised and all of them are sold at the same time;
most desirable to affect a simple disease control measure, especially if one locality, community or area, there will be no other age groups of birds.

A
  1. all-in-all out system
157
Q

two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm. if the principle that no different ages chicks arre not to be mixed in one house will be followed, the two stage operation certainly calls for separate brooder house and grower house

A
  1. two stage operation
158
Q

this is similar to the two stage broiler operation except that there should be more units to facilitate as many stages or accommodate various ages of broiler;
the turn over of chicks can be either daily every 2 days, weekly bi-weekly, etc

A
  1. multiple stage broiler operation
159
Q

contract growing of broilers

A
  1. integrator company (contractor)

2. farmer (grower)

160
Q

classification of broilers raisers

A

a. independent raiser

b. contract grower

161
Q

broilers strains marketed in the philippines

A

a. anak 2000
b. anak 180
c. arbor acre
d. cobb
e. pilch
f. starbo
g. peterson
h. ross
i. avian

162
Q

improtant parameters in broiler production

A
  1. cost of day old chicks
  2. total amount of feed consumed
  3. FCR
  4. motality
  5. dressing percentage
  6. price of live weight chicken
  7. number of batches per year
  8. feeding system
  9. cost of feeds - chick booster
    - broiler stater
    - broiler finisher
  10. labor: broiler ratio
163
Q
  1. cost of day old chicks
  2. total amount of feed consumed
  3. FCR
  4. motality
  5. dressing percentage
  6. price of live weight chicken
  7. number of batches per year
  8. feeding system
  9. cost of feeds - chick booster
    - broiler stater
    - broiler finisher
  10. labor: broiler ratio
A
  1. P13.00-18.00/chick
  2. 3.5-3.75 kg/bird
  3. 2.0-50.00/kg
  4. 5%
  5. 70%
  6. P40-50.00/kg
  7. 5-6
  8. ad libitum
  9. CB - P385.00/25kg
    BS - P615.00/25kg
    BF - P600.00/50k
  10. 1:5,000 birds

Animal Science (20 decks)

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