POULTRY PRODUCTION Flashcards
1
Q
popular because they are fats multipliers;
quick growers, more efficient feed converters
A
poultry
2
Q
most popular poultry species
A
chicken
3
Q
second most popular poultry species (for balut, salted egg, and century eggs)
A
duck
4
Q
third most popular poultry species (for its eggs)
A
quail
5
Q
orders of poultry (4)
A
- galliformes
- anserifomes
- struthioformes
- columbiformes
6
Q
don’t have true phallus (copulatoty organ), v-shaped breast
A
galliformes
7
Q
have true phallus, v-shaped breast
A
anseriformes
8
Q
have flat breast
A
struthioformes
9
Q
secrete “milk”
A
columbiformes
10
Q
58g egg weight and 21 days incubation period
A
chicken
gallus gallus
11
Q
80 -83g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
A
mallard pekin duck (meat)
anas plathyrynchos
12
Q
60g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
A
mallard duck (egg) anas plathyrynchos
13
Q
70g egg weight and 35 - 37 days incubation period
A
muscovy duck (meat) cairina moschata
14
Q
85g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
A
turkey
meleagris gallopavo
15
Q
12g egg weight and 16 - 18 days incubation period
A
quail
coturnix coturnix
16
Q
17g egg weight and 18 days incubation period
A
pigeon
columba livia
17
Q
200g egg weight and 30 - 31 days incubation period
A
geese
cygnopsos cygnoides
18
Q
285g egg weight and 35 days incubation period
A
swan
olor columbianus
19
Q
1400g egg weight and 42 days incubation period
A
ostrich
struthio australis
20
Q
95g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
A
peafowl
pavo cristatus
21
Q
32g egg weight and 23 - 24 days incubation period
A
pheasant
phasianus colchicus
22
Q
40g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
A
guinea fowl
numida meleagris
23
Q
galliformes
A
chicken turkey quail peafowl pheasant guinea fowl
24
Q
anseriformes
A
ducks
swan
25
struthioformes
ostrich
26
columbiformes
pigeon
27
origin of red jungle fowl (gallus gallus)
native of southeast asia
28
gray jungle fowl
gallus sonnerati
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ceylonese jungle fowl
gallus lafayetti
30
javan jungle fowl
gallus varius
31
.9 kg in weight and lays only a few eggs
hen of wild jungle fowls
32
weighs 1.5 - 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of age and lays as much as 320 eggs
modern hen
33
what brought the change in modern and wild hen
1. genetic mutation
| 2. selection
34
changes in the genetic make-up of certain individuals due to factors that are w/in as well as factors that surround the subject;
change have been trasmitted to generation to generation w/ the possibility of being modified from time to time as more factors and more individuals interact w/ each other
genetic mutation
35
selctio (2)
natural selction
| artificial selection
36
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natural selection
(survival of the fittest)
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1. climatic differences
| 2. differences in nutrition
37
the interference of man in achieving certain goal and personal ideas example: (4)
1. for meat
2. eggs
3. fighting cocks
4. fancy feathers
38
group of chicken (fowls) possessing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes them from other chickens
breed
39
group of chicken w/in the breed w/c posseses the same plumage color and type of comb
variety
40
group of chickens w/in a variety of a brred w/c has under constant specific section of certain traits by as specified breeder for periods of a bout 5 - 8 years
strain
41
classification of breeds and varieties of chicken
1. breed
2. variety
3. strain
4. strain crosses
5. line crosses or family lines
42
breeds of chicken classified by its utility
1. egg class
2. meat class
3. genral pupose class
4. fancy class
5. fighting class
43
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breed belonging to this class is characterized by their compartively small size;
they are non sitters
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egg class
*they lay large white shelled eggs. vey active and nervvous in temperament
44
examples of egg class (4)
leghorn, minorcas, anconas, mikawa
45
large breed, slow in movement, quiet and gentele in disposition;
generally poorer egg layers and generally lay browned shelled eggs
meat class
46
examples of meat class (5)
brahmas, cochin, langshans, cornish, white rocks
47
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breeds of chickens in this class are meduim sized, good layers and the young are fast growers;
not nervous as the egg class but much more active than the meat class
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general purpose class
48
examples of general purpose class
new hampshire, rhode island red, plymouth rock, lancaster, nayoga, cantonese
49
brreds beautiful plumage or form of having a rare unusial apperance;
most of them are raise chiefly has ornamentals or pets by hobbyists, regardless of their value as a source of food
fancy class
50
examples of fancy class
frizzle, bantams, long tailed
51
these are groups of these kinds of chickens now developed by national and international aficionados in this game
fighting class
52
examples of fighting class
ruble, hulsey, claret, and oasis
53
under this classification, breeds and varieties are grouped according to their geographical origin
standard classification
54
standard classification (5)
*there are 189 varieties and about 40 breeds of chickens recognized by the american poultry association as of 1953 based on registry
1. american class
2. asiatic class
3. mediterranean class
4. english class
5. other classes by origin
55
breeds and varieties thatv were developed in american continent
american class
56
most popular american class (5)
1. plymouth rock
2. wyandottes
3. rhodes island reds
4. new hampshire
5. land caster
57
this breeds were developed in asia
asiatic class
58
examples of asiatic class (5)
1. brahmas
2. cochin
3. langshan
4. cantonese
5. nagoya
59
it is related to its utility grouping since of the mediterranean origin is of the type breeds;
they produced large white shelled eggs
mediterranean class
60
examples of mediterranean class
1. leghorn
2. minorcas
3. anconas
61
other classes by origin
of development are:
1. polish
2. hamburg
3. french and oriental classes
62
specialized fields in poultry production
| 3 categories of poultry production
1. breeding farm
2. egg farm
3. broiler farm
63
it is the system of researching or discovering the best combination of genes of parent stocks that will be the source of commercial chicks for the poultry producer;
the existing "strains" or probably across of various lines now available to a commercial poultry raiser is a product of very long studies by the geneticist
1. breeding farm
* there is no true commercial poultry breeding farm existing in the philippines as of 2003
* poultry breeding farms in the country are franchised breeder farms from other international breeders
64
egg production older scheme of poultry production engaged in by many research;
all female type chicks are obtained from the reputable hatchery for this kind of stock.
2. egg farm
65
2 phases of operations of egg farm
1. raising pullets
| 2. keeping of layers per se when they are on the stage of egg production
66
it is the most recent specialized field in the philippines;
| most growing of meat - type chicken essentially for meat production
3. broiler farm
| * stocks used for this pupose are so called broiler - type chicks
67
known for their fast growth, meaty conformation and good feed conservation;
grown for a period of only about 6 - 7 weeks;
broiler - type chicks
* both male and female are utilized for growing broilers.
* male grow faster than females
68
poultry reproductive system
1. testices
2. vas deferens
3. papilla
4. ovary
5. infundibilum
6. magnum
7. isthmus
8. uterus
9. vagina
69
produce sperm
testicles
70
carries seminal fluid and sperm from the testicles to cloaca
vas deferens
71
organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm inside the females's reproductive tract
papilla
72
produces the ovum
ovary
73
recieves yolk from the ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place
infundibilum
74
secretes the thick white of the egg (3 hours)
magnum
75
2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white ( 1 1/4 hours)
isthmus
76
completed egg is stored for a short time till laid (total: 25 -27 hrs)
vagina
77
thin white and outer shell are added to the egg (20 hrs)
uterus
78
environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs
| natural:
1. hen lay eggs 1 per day
2. eggs hatch after 21 days
3. broody - hen who is laying on her eggs
79
environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs
| Artificial incubation
1. eggs of hen placed in incubator
2. incubator temp and humidity = 97-102 degrees and 60%
3. eggs turned 3-5x daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell
80
selection of hatching eggs
| grading exterior quality (4)
1. cleanliness - shell should be free of debris or OM
2. shape - small end and large end. not round or oblong
3. soundness - no cracks
4. size - not very small nor extremely large
81
selection of hatching eggs
| grading interior quality (3)
1. air cell
2. viscosity of albumen (white)
3. check for abnormalities (blood/meat spots, cracks or leaks in shell
82
it is done to test for quality and viability;
placing eggs against bright light such that the outline of the contents of the eggs is seen from the outside ;
used a candler or tester
candling
83
3 periods of candling
1. 4th or 5th day - to remove infertile eggs
2. 13th or 14th day
3. 18th day - remove dead embryos
84
starts as soon as the chicks are placed in the brooder area where heat is supplied until the chicks gave grown to he point where they no longer need additional heat to keep them comfortable;
last for approximately 4 weeks
brooding
85
type of brooder
1. batterry-type brooder
| 2. cage brooder
86
composed of compartment called tiers constructed on top of another, each compartment equipped w/ separate heater and provisions for feeding and drinking
1. batterry-type brooder
87
can be elevated slatted-floor or litter-floor type w/ capacity varying from few to several hundreds
2. cage brooder
88
temperature requirements
| day old - 1 week
90 - 95 degrees fah (32. 2 - 35 deg cel)
89
temperature requirements
| 1 - 2 weeks
85 - 90 deg fah (29.4 - 32. 2 deg cel)
90
temperature requirements
| 2-3 weeks
80 - 83 deg fah (26.7 - 29.4 deg cel)
91
temperature requirements
| 3-4 weeks
80 deg fah (26.7 deg cel and below)
92
75 degress fah or cooler temp.
*chicks physiological reaction to existing environmental temp will indicate whether the temp is right, too low or too high
growing period
93
egg type chickens
floor space requirements:
1 day - 3 wks
3 - 8 wks
8 - 12 wks
0. 3 sq. ft/ bird
0. 5 sq. ft/bird
1. 0 sq.ft/bird
94
meat type broiler
floor space requirements:
1 day - 2 wks
2 wks - market age
0. 3 sq. ft/ bird
| 1. 0 sq.ft/bird
95
sources of heat for brooders
1. electricity
2. LPG (liquefied pertroleum gas)
3. infrared lamp
4. kerosene lamp
5. charcoal
96
house features
1. construction materials
2. shape
3. width
4. height
5. roof style
97
construction materials
- bamboo slats, nipa shingles, coco lumber
| - GI sheets, aluminum sheet, wood, welded wire, plastic nets
98
shape
long and narrow w/ east-west orientation
99
width
10 - 12 meters
100
floor height
| floor to ceiling
1. 8m or 5.9 ft.
| 2. 4m or 8 ft.
101
roof style (5)
1. shed type
2. gable type
3. combination
4. monitor type
5. semi-monitor
102
very important in the development of new layers.
light
103
will encourage the birds to keep close to source of heat, feed and water.
light in the brooder
104
influence the production of larger eggs.
correct light to dark ratio in the rearing house
105
favorable for growth because there is eating time if food is available.
during the first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks throughout the night (24hrs)
106
one cardinal rule in lighting
never increase the light during growing period and never decrease light during the laying period
107
what happen when you increase day length (light) during growing period of birds
it will 1. hasten sexual maturity w/c will result to prodution of more pullet eggs (small eggs),
2. layers are prone to prolapsed and shorter egg production cycle.
108
addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be done ?
for the first 6-8 hrs during the arrival of the day old chick. (DOC)
109
watering
* availability of drinking water to the chicks must be emphasized
* supplementation of water-soluble vitamin-mineral antibiotic preparation can give the chicks a good start too.
110
Day old - 2 weeks
feeder (linear)
waterer
2. 5 cm
| 0. 5 cm (1 gal/100 chicks)
111
Day old 2 - 6 weeks
feeder (linear)
waterer
4. 5 cm
| 1. 0
112
Day old 6 - 10 weeks
feeder (linear)
waterer
7. 5cm
| 2. 0
113
day old chick
| medication and route
Marek's vaccine /
mass method/spray
114
5-12 days
| medication and route
NCD or Avian pest vaccine/
intranasal/intraocular
115
21 days
| medication and route
NCD/
mass method via drinking water
116
6-8 weeks
| medication and route
fowl pox
wing web
117
is a bad habit developed by some growing birds.
| usually starts from feather or toe pcking w/c may result to serious wounding and death birds
cannibalism
118
possible causes of cannibalism are
1. imbalanced ration - high energy diet w/ low protein leads to this problem
2. overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space
3. extended period w/o feed and water
4. poor ventilation
5. excessive heat and too much light
6. it may also be strain characteristic
119
factors affecting length of brooding period
1. weather/climatic conditions - longer during cold and rainy months, shorter during dry and warm months.
2. rate of feathering - shorter for fast feathering breeds/varieties/strains, longer for slow feathering: can be due to genetic meakeup or nytition of the birds.
120
system of rearing
1. range system
2. semi-confinement system
3. complete - confinement
121
this is a good system but because of more land area required, this system is commonly practice by native chicken growers and by duck raisers
1. range system
122
this is a system of raising poutry where birds are provided w/ shed or housing and an area to graze or pasture
ex. native chicken, organic chicken production
2. semi-confinement system
123
the modern trend in raising commercial strains
3. complete - confinement
124
3. complete - confinement (4)
a. litter floor
b. slat floor
c. combination
d. cages
125
feeding requirements of growing pullets
6-14 weeks
grower ration - 16% protein
126
feeding requirements of growing pullets
14 -20 weeks
pullet developer ration - 14% protein
127
birds tends to lay eggs early when
feed of high protein content
*this is not desirable since early sexual maturity results in smaller pullets and consequently production of smaller eggs
128
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rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
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completely full
30% of feed is wasted
129
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rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
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2/3 full
10% of feed is wasted
130
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rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
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1/2 full
3% of feed is wasted
131
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rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
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1/3 full
1% of feed is wasted
132
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rearing of pullets
feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration) note
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* feeding through should bot be filled more than 1/3 to prevent feed wastage.
* feeder should be replenished 3-4 times aday to stimulate feed consumption
133
rearing of pullets
signs of sexual maturity
*surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.
1. comb and wattes begin to increase in size and the color becomes red
2. pullet becomes friendly and cackle
3. pullets instinctively looks for nest
4. pullets become docile (easily manage) and gregarious (sociable)
5. vent and abdomen become enlarge
134
systems of rearing of layer flocks
1. range system
2. semi-cinfinement
3. complete confinement
135
housing for layer flocked
small poultry housing
large poultry house monitor or semi monitor
opensided
housing units for layers
136
layer flocked management
brooder house
4-6 wks old; slatted or litter floor
137
layer flocked management
growing house
4 or 6 wks old to 14-16 wks old; slatted or litter-floor
138
layer house
14-16 wks onwards
139
layer flocked management
layer houses
cages
single, multiply
colony
2-10 pullets
20-30 pullets
*local conditions - 3-4 birds/ cage give good performance
140
daily routine of work in the layer house
1. feeding
2. watering
3. egg collection
141
layer flocked
will generally contain 15-18% protein level
layer ration
142
feeding of layer flocked
day old - 6 weeks old
chicks starter mash; 20% CP
143
feeding of layer flocked
6 - 12 weeks old
grower feeds; 16% CP
144
feeding of layer flocked
12 - 18 weeks old
developer feeds; 14% CP
145
feeding of layer flocked
18 - 42 weeks old
layer 1 feed ; 18% CP
146
feeding of layer flocked
42 weeks to culling
layer 2 feeds 1; 7% CP
147
feeding of layer flocked
consume about as low as 90 grams to as high as 140 grams a a day
one year consumption varies from 40 - 42 kilos per layer
mature laying hens
148
watering of layer flocked
water content of egg
egg is about 65 - 70% water
149
watering of layer flocked
can consume about 7 gallons of water during normal day and will drink much more when the temp. of the environment becomes higher
one hundred layers
150
watering of layer flocked
must be available to the layers all the time
drinking water
151
egg collection of layer flocked
* they are capable of laying one a day but it is next to impossible to realize one-egg-one-day for long period of time
* they are expected to skip some days in egg production
* oviposition ( act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7am to as late as 4pm
* majority of hens lay their eggs b/w 10am to 2pm.
* the concentration of egg laying takes place before noon as a common observation
* eggs must be collected in wire baskets to provide good air circulation
152
flock replacement program
* programs of replacement can vary fromm a set one flock EVERY 3 MONTHS
* can be as often as monthly set up of replacement stocks depending on the program and availability of facilities
153
biggest item in the operational cost
feed
154
capitalization of broiler raising
it needs intensive capital, returns are quick but investments are high
155
system of broiler operation
1. all-in-all out system
2. two stage operation
3. multiple stage broiler operation
156
only broiler of one being raised and all of them are sold at the same time;
most desirable to affect a simple disease control measure, especially if one locality, community or area, there will be no other age groups of birds.
1. all-in-all out system
157
two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm. if the principle that no different ages chicks arre not to be mixed in one house will be followed, the two stage operation certainly calls for separate brooder house and grower house
2. two stage operation
158
this is similar to the two stage broiler operation except that there should be more units to facilitate as many stages or accommodate various ages of broiler;
the turn over of chicks can be either daily every 2 days, weekly bi-weekly, etc
3. multiple stage broiler operation
159
contract growing of broilers
1. integrator company (contractor)
| 2. farmer (grower)
160
classification of broilers raisers
a. independent raiser
| b. contract grower
161
broilers strains marketed in the philippines
a. anak 2000
b. anak 180
c. arbor acre
d. cobb
e. pilch
f. starbo
g. peterson
h. ross
i. avian
162
improtant parameters in broiler production
1. cost of day old chicks
2. total amount of feed consumed
3. FCR
4. motality
5. dressing percentage
6. price of live weight chicken
7. number of batches per year
8. feeding system
9. cost of feeds - chick booster
- broiler stater
- broiler finisher
10. labor: broiler ratio
163
1. cost of day old chicks
2. total amount of feed consumed
3. FCR
4. motality
5. dressing percentage
6. price of live weight chicken
7. number of batches per year
8. feeding system
9. cost of feeds - chick booster
- broiler stater
- broiler finisher
10. labor: broiler ratio
1. P13.00-18.00/chick
2. 3.5-3.75 kg/bird
3. 2.0-50.00/kg
4. 5%
5. 70%
6. P40-50.00/kg
7. 5-6
8. ad libitum
9. CB - P385.00/25kg
BS - P615.00/25kg
BF - P600.00/50k
10. 1:5,000 birds
