POULTRY PRODUCTION Flashcards
popular because they are fats multipliers;
quick growers, more efficient feed converters
poultry
most popular poultry species
chicken
second most popular poultry species (for balut, salted egg, and century eggs)
duck
third most popular poultry species (for its eggs)
quail
orders of poultry (4)
- galliformes
- anserifomes
- struthioformes
- columbiformes
don’t have true phallus (copulatoty organ), v-shaped breast
galliformes
have true phallus, v-shaped breast
anseriformes
have flat breast
struthioformes
secrete “milk”
columbiformes
58g egg weight and 21 days incubation period
chicken
gallus gallus
80 -83g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
mallard pekin duck (meat)
anas plathyrynchos
60g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
mallard duck (egg) anas plathyrynchos
70g egg weight and 35 - 37 days incubation period
muscovy duck (meat) cairina moschata
85g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
turkey
meleagris gallopavo
12g egg weight and 16 - 18 days incubation period
quail
coturnix coturnix
17g egg weight and 18 days incubation period
pigeon
columba livia
200g egg weight and 30 - 31 days incubation period
geese
cygnopsos cygnoides
285g egg weight and 35 days incubation period
swan
olor columbianus
1400g egg weight and 42 days incubation period
ostrich
struthio australis
95g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
peafowl
pavo cristatus
32g egg weight and 23 - 24 days incubation period
pheasant
phasianus colchicus
40g egg weight and 28 days incubation period
guinea fowl
numida meleagris
galliformes
chicken turkey quail peafowl pheasant guinea fowl
anseriformes
ducks
swan
struthioformes
ostrich
columbiformes
pigeon
origin of red jungle fowl (gallus gallus)
native of southeast asia
gray jungle fowl
gallus sonnerati
ceylonese jungle fowl
gallus lafayetti
javan jungle fowl
gallus varius
.9 kg in weight and lays only a few eggs
hen of wild jungle fowls
weighs 1.5 - 2.0 kg at 6 weeks of age and lays as much as 320 eggs
modern hen
what brought the change in modern and wild hen
- genetic mutation
2. selection
changes in the genetic make-up of certain individuals due to factors that are w/in as well as factors that surround the subject;
change have been trasmitted to generation to generation w/ the possibility of being modified from time to time as more factors and more individuals interact w/ each other
genetic mutation
selctio (2)
natural selction
artificial selection
natural selection (survival of the fittest)
- climatic differences
2. differences in nutrition
the interference of man in achieving certain goal and personal ideas example: (4)
- for meat
- eggs
- fighting cocks
- fancy feathers
group of chicken (fowls) possessing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes them from other chickens
breed
group of chicken w/in the breed w/c posseses the same plumage color and type of comb
variety
group of chickens w/in a variety of a brred w/c has under constant specific section of certain traits by as specified breeder for periods of a bout 5 - 8 years
strain
classification of breeds and varieties of chicken
- breed
- variety
- strain
- strain crosses
- line crosses or family lines
breeds of chicken classified by its utility
- egg class
- meat class
- genral pupose class
- fancy class
- fighting class
breed belonging to this class is characterized by their compartively small size; they are non sitters
egg class
*they lay large white shelled eggs. vey active and nervvous in temperament
examples of egg class (4)
leghorn, minorcas, anconas, mikawa
large breed, slow in movement, quiet and gentele in disposition;
generally poorer egg layers and generally lay browned shelled eggs
meat class
examples of meat class (5)
brahmas, cochin, langshans, cornish, white rocks
breeds of chickens in this class are meduim sized, good layers and the young are fast growers; not nervous as the egg class but much more active than the meat class
general purpose class
examples of general purpose class
new hampshire, rhode island red, plymouth rock, lancaster, nayoga, cantonese
brreds beautiful plumage or form of having a rare unusial apperance;
most of them are raise chiefly has ornamentals or pets by hobbyists, regardless of their value as a source of food
fancy class
examples of fancy class
frizzle, bantams, long tailed
these are groups of these kinds of chickens now developed by national and international aficionados in this game
fighting class
examples of fighting class
ruble, hulsey, claret, and oasis
under this classification, breeds and varieties are grouped according to their geographical origin
standard classification
standard classification (5)
*there are 189 varieties and about 40 breeds of chickens recognized by the american poultry association as of 1953 based on registry
- american class
- asiatic class
- mediterranean class
- english class
- other classes by origin
breeds and varieties thatv were developed in american continent
american class
most popular american class (5)
- plymouth rock
- wyandottes
- rhodes island reds
- new hampshire
- land caster
this breeds were developed in asia
asiatic class
examples of asiatic class (5)
- brahmas
- cochin
- langshan
- cantonese
- nagoya
it is related to its utility grouping since of the mediterranean origin is of the type breeds;
they produced large white shelled eggs
mediterranean class
examples of mediterranean class
- leghorn
- minorcas
- anconas
other classes by origin
of development are:
- polish
- hamburg
- french and oriental classes
specialized fields in poultry production
3 categories of poultry production
- breeding farm
- egg farm
- broiler farm
it is the system of researching or discovering the best combination of genes of parent stocks that will be the source of commercial chicks for the poultry producer;
the existing “strains” or probably across of various lines now available to a commercial poultry raiser is a product of very long studies by the geneticist
- breeding farm
- there is no true commercial poultry breeding farm existing in the philippines as of 2003
- poultry breeding farms in the country are franchised breeder farms from other international breeders
egg production older scheme of poultry production engaged in by many research;
all female type chicks are obtained from the reputable hatchery for this kind of stock.
- egg farm
2 phases of operations of egg farm
- raising pullets
2. keeping of layers per se when they are on the stage of egg production
it is the most recent specialized field in the philippines;
most growing of meat - type chicken essentially for meat production
- broiler farm
* stocks used for this pupose are so called broiler - type chicks
known for their fast growth, meaty conformation and good feed conservation;
grown for a period of only about 6 - 7 weeks;
broiler - type chicks
- both male and female are utilized for growing broilers.
- male grow faster than females
poultry reproductive system
- testices
- vas deferens
- papilla
- ovary
- infundibilum
- magnum
- isthmus
- uterus
- vagina
produce sperm
testicles
carries seminal fluid and sperm from the testicles to cloaca
vas deferens
organ in the wall of the cloaca that places the sperm inside the females’s reproductive tract
papilla
produces the ovum
ovary
recieves yolk from the ovary, where sperm is stored, and fertilization takes place
infundibilum
secretes the thick white of the egg (3 hours)
magnum
2 shell membranes are placed around the yolk and thick white ( 1 1/4 hours)
isthmus
completed egg is stored for a short time till laid (total: 25 -27 hrs)
vagina
thin white and outer shell are added to the egg (20 hrs)
uterus
environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs
natural:
- hen lay eggs 1 per day
- eggs hatch after 21 days
- broody - hen who is laying on her eggs
environmental requirements to hatch chicken eggs
Artificial incubation
- eggs of hen placed in incubator
- incubator temp and humidity = 97-102 degrees and 60%
- eggs turned 3-5x daily to prevent embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell
selection of hatching eggs
grading exterior quality (4)
- cleanliness - shell should be free of debris or OM
- shape - small end and large end. not round or oblong
- soundness - no cracks
- size - not very small nor extremely large
selection of hatching eggs
grading interior quality (3)
- air cell
- viscosity of albumen (white)
- check for abnormalities (blood/meat spots, cracks or leaks in shell
it is done to test for quality and viability;
placing eggs against bright light such that the outline of the contents of the eggs is seen from the outside ;
used a candler or tester
candling
3 periods of candling
- 4th or 5th day - to remove infertile eggs
- 13th or 14th day
- 18th day - remove dead embryos
starts as soon as the chicks are placed in the brooder area where heat is supplied until the chicks gave grown to he point where they no longer need additional heat to keep them comfortable;
last for approximately 4 weeks
brooding
type of brooder
- batterry-type brooder
2. cage brooder
composed of compartment called tiers constructed on top of another, each compartment equipped w/ separate heater and provisions for feeding and drinking
- batterry-type brooder
can be elevated slatted-floor or litter-floor type w/ capacity varying from few to several hundreds
- cage brooder
temperature requirements
day old - 1 week
90 - 95 degrees fah (32. 2 - 35 deg cel)
temperature requirements
1 - 2 weeks
85 - 90 deg fah (29.4 - 32. 2 deg cel)
temperature requirements
2-3 weeks
80 - 83 deg fah (26.7 - 29.4 deg cel)
temperature requirements
3-4 weeks
80 deg fah (26.7 deg cel and below)
75 degress fah or cooler temp.
*chicks physiological reaction to existing environmental temp will indicate whether the temp is right, too low or too high
growing period
egg type chickens
floor space requirements:
1 day - 3 wks
3 - 8 wks
8 - 12 wks
- 3 sq. ft/ bird
- 5 sq. ft/bird
- 0 sq.ft/bird
meat type broiler
floor space requirements:
1 day - 2 wks
2 wks - market age
- 3 sq. ft/ bird
1. 0 sq.ft/bird
sources of heat for brooders
- electricity
- LPG (liquefied pertroleum gas)
- infrared lamp
- kerosene lamp
- charcoal
house features
- construction materials
- shape
- width
- height
- roof style
construction materials
- bamboo slats, nipa shingles, coco lumber
- GI sheets, aluminum sheet, wood, welded wire, plastic nets
shape
long and narrow w/ east-west orientation
width
10 - 12 meters
floor height
floor to ceiling
- 8m or 5.9 ft.
2. 4m or 8 ft.
roof style (5)
- shed type
- gable type
- combination
- monitor type
- semi-monitor
very important in the development of new layers.
light
will encourage the birds to keep close to source of heat, feed and water.
light in the brooder
influence the production of larger eggs.
correct light to dark ratio in the rearing house
favorable for growth because there is eating time if food is available.
during the first few days of brooding, lighting the chicks throughout the night (24hrs)
one cardinal rule in lighting
never increase the light during growing period and never decrease light during the laying period
what happen when you increase day length (light) during growing period of birds
it will 1. hasten sexual maturity w/c will result to prodution of more pullet eggs (small eggs),
2. layers are prone to prolapsed and shorter egg production cycle.
addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be done ?
for the first 6-8 hrs during the arrival of the day old chick. (DOC)
watering
- availability of drinking water to the chicks must be emphasized
- supplementation of water-soluble vitamin-mineral antibiotic preparation can give the chicks a good start too.
Day old - 2 weeks
feeder (linear)
waterer
- 5 cm
0. 5 cm (1 gal/100 chicks)
Day old 2 - 6 weeks
feeder (linear)
waterer
- 5 cm
1. 0
Day old 6 - 10 weeks
feeder (linear)
waterer
- 5cm
2. 0
day old chick
medication and route
Marek’s vaccine /
mass method/spray
5-12 days
medication and route
NCD or Avian pest vaccine/
intranasal/intraocular
21 days
medication and route
NCD/
mass method via drinking water
6-8 weeks
medication and route
fowl pox
wing web
is a bad habit developed by some growing birds.
usually starts from feather or toe pcking w/c may result to serious wounding and death birds
cannibalism
possible causes of cannibalism are
- imbalanced ration - high energy diet w/ low protein leads to this problem
- overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space
- extended period w/o feed and water
- poor ventilation
- excessive heat and too much light
- it may also be strain characteristic
factors affecting length of brooding period
- weather/climatic conditions - longer during cold and rainy months, shorter during dry and warm months.
- rate of feathering - shorter for fast feathering breeds/varieties/strains, longer for slow feathering: can be due to genetic meakeup or nytition of the birds.
system of rearing
- range system
- semi-confinement system
- complete - confinement
this is a good system but because of more land area required, this system is commonly practice by native chicken growers and by duck raisers
- range system
this is a system of raising poutry where birds are provided w/ shed or housing and an area to graze or pasture
ex. native chicken, organic chicken production
- semi-confinement system
the modern trend in raising commercial strains
- complete - confinement
- complete - confinement (4)
a. litter floor
b. slat floor
c. combination
d. cages
feeding requirements of growing pullets
6-14 weeks
grower ration - 16% protein
feeding requirements of growing pullets
14 -20 weeks
pullet developer ration - 14% protein
birds tends to lay eggs early when
feed of high protein content
*this is not desirable since early sexual maturity results in smaller pullets and consequently production of smaller eggs
rearing of pullets feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
completely full
30% of feed is wasted
rearing of pullets feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
2/3 full
10% of feed is wasted
rearing of pullets feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
1/2 full
3% of feed is wasted
rearing of pullets feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration)
1/3 full
1% of feed is wasted
rearing of pullets feed wastage ( conventional feeding through and a mash ration) note
- feeding through should bot be filled more than 1/3 to prevent feed wastage.
- feeder should be replenished 3-4 times aday to stimulate feed consumption
rearing of pullets
signs of sexual maturity
*surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1st egg.
- comb and wattes begin to increase in size and the color becomes red
- pullet becomes friendly and cackle
- pullets instinctively looks for nest
- pullets become docile (easily manage) and gregarious (sociable)
- vent and abdomen become enlarge
systems of rearing of layer flocks
- range system
- semi-cinfinement
- complete confinement
housing for layer flocked
small poultry housing
large poultry house monitor or semi monitor
opensided
housing units for layers
layer flocked management
brooder house
4-6 wks old; slatted or litter floor
layer flocked management
growing house
4 or 6 wks old to 14-16 wks old; slatted or litter-floor
layer house
14-16 wks onwards
layer flocked management
layer houses
cages
single, multiply
colony
2-10 pullets
20-30 pullets
*local conditions - 3-4 birds/ cage give good performance
daily routine of work in the layer house
- feeding
- watering
- egg collection
layer flocked
will generally contain 15-18% protein level
layer ration
feeding of layer flocked
day old - 6 weeks old
chicks starter mash; 20% CP
feeding of layer flocked
6 - 12 weeks old
grower feeds; 16% CP
feeding of layer flocked
12 - 18 weeks old
developer feeds; 14% CP
feeding of layer flocked
18 - 42 weeks old
layer 1 feed ; 18% CP
feeding of layer flocked
42 weeks to culling
layer 2 feeds 1; 7% CP
feeding of layer flocked
consume about as low as 90 grams to as high as 140 grams a a day
one year consumption varies from 40 - 42 kilos per layer
mature laying hens
watering of layer flocked
water content of egg
egg is about 65 - 70% water
watering of layer flocked
can consume about 7 gallons of water during normal day and will drink much more when the temp. of the environment becomes higher
one hundred layers
watering of layer flocked
must be available to the layers all the time
drinking water
egg collection of layer flocked
- they are capable of laying one a day but it is next to impossible to realize one-egg-one-day for long period of time
- they are expected to skip some days in egg production
- oviposition ( act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7am to as late as 4pm
- majority of hens lay their eggs b/w 10am to 2pm.
- the concentration of egg laying takes place before noon as a common observation
- eggs must be collected in wire baskets to provide good air circulation
flock replacement program
- programs of replacement can vary fromm a set one flock EVERY 3 MONTHS
- can be as often as monthly set up of replacement stocks depending on the program and availability of facilities
biggest item in the operational cost
feed
capitalization of broiler raising
it needs intensive capital, returns are quick but investments are high
system of broiler operation
- all-in-all out system
- two stage operation
- multiple stage broiler operation
only broiler of one being raised and all of them are sold at the same time;
most desirable to affect a simple disease control measure, especially if one locality, community or area, there will be no other age groups of birds.
- all-in-all out system
two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm. if the principle that no different ages chicks arre not to be mixed in one house will be followed, the two stage operation certainly calls for separate brooder house and grower house
- two stage operation
this is similar to the two stage broiler operation except that there should be more units to facilitate as many stages or accommodate various ages of broiler;
the turn over of chicks can be either daily every 2 days, weekly bi-weekly, etc
- multiple stage broiler operation
contract growing of broilers
- integrator company (contractor)
2. farmer (grower)
classification of broilers raisers
a. independent raiser
b. contract grower
broilers strains marketed in the philippines
a. anak 2000
b. anak 180
c. arbor acre
d. cobb
e. pilch
f. starbo
g. peterson
h. ross
i. avian
improtant parameters in broiler production
- cost of day old chicks
- total amount of feed consumed
- FCR
- motality
- dressing percentage
- price of live weight chicken
- number of batches per year
- feeding system
- cost of feeds - chick booster
- broiler stater
- broiler finisher - labor: broiler ratio
- cost of day old chicks
- total amount of feed consumed
- FCR
- motality
- dressing percentage
- price of live weight chicken
- number of batches per year
- feeding system
- cost of feeds - chick booster
- broiler stater
- broiler finisher - labor: broiler ratio
- P13.00-18.00/chick
- 3.5-3.75 kg/bird
- 2.0-50.00/kg
- 5%
- 70%
- P40-50.00/kg
- 5-6
- ad libitum
- CB - P385.00/25kg
BS - P615.00/25kg
BF - P600.00/50k - 1:5,000 birds