ANIMAL NUTRITION Flashcards
1
Q
series of process by w/c an organism takes in and assimilates food for promoting growth and replacing worn-it or injured tissues
A
nutrition
2
Q
encompasses several fields of discipline like biochemistry, chemistry, physiology, endocrinology, microbiology, genetics
A
nutrition
3
Q
any feed constituents or a group of feed constituents of the same general chemical composition that aids in the support of life;
may include synthetically produced vitamins, chemical action, enzyme activity
A
nutrients
4
Q
combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the liberation of energy;
can occur only after the basic units of nutrients have been absorbed into the blood;
involved all the chemical reactions performed by the cells
A
metabolism
5
Q
basic unit of protein
A
amino acid
6
Q
basic unit of starch
A
glucose (non-ruminant)
VFA and lactic acid (ruminant)
7
Q
basic unit of cellulose
A
VFA
8
Q
basic unit of sucrose
A
glucose and fructose
9
Q
basic unit of lactose
A
glucose and galactose
10
Q
basic unit of lipids
A
fatty acids and glycerol
11
Q
basic unit of minerals
A
any soluble form
12
Q
basic unit of vitamins
A
any soluble form
13
Q
nutrients (6)
A
- water
- carbohydrate
- fats (lipids)
- proteins
- minerals
- vitamins
14
Q
cheapest and most abundant nutrient
A
water
15
Q
makes up to 65-85% of animal body weight at birth and 45-60% of body weight at maturity
A
water
16
Q
composition of carbohydrate by % molecular weight
A
C - 40%
H - 7%
O - 53%
17
Q
functions of carbohydate in animal body (4)
A
- source of energy
- source of heat
- building stores for other nutrients
- stored in animal body by converting to fats
18
Q
deficiencies of abnormal metabolism in carbohydrates
A
- ketosis
2. diabetes mellitus
19
Q
deficiencies of abnormal metabolism in carbohydrates
*fat will yield 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates or proteins
A
C - 77%
H - 12%
O - 11%
20
Q
functions of fats (lipids)
A
- dietary supply
- source of heat, insulation and protection for the body
- source of essential fatty acids,linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid
- serve as carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
21
Q
deficiencies and abnormal metabolism in fats (lipids)
A
- skin lesions, hair loss and reduced growth rate
- ketosis
- fatty liver
22
Q
catabolism of body fat
A
ketosis
23
Q
abnormal metabolism of liver
A
fatty liver
24
Q
location and natural sources of fat
A
animal body:
- subcutaneous
- surrounding internal organs
- marbling and milk
25
composition of proteins by % molecular weight
```
C - 53%
H - 7%
O - 23%
N - 16%
P - 1%
```
26
composed of true proteins and any nitrogenou products
crude protein
27
formula of crude protein
CP = %N x 6.25
28
refers to the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present in protein
protein quality
29
amino acids w/c are essential to the animal and must be supplied in the diet because the animal cannot synthesize them fast enough to meet its requirement.
essential amino acids
30
list of essential amino acids (10)
| pvttimhall
1. phenylalanine
2. valine
3. threonine
4. tryptophan
5. isoleucine
6. methionine
7. histidine
8. arginine
9. leucine
10. lysine
31
amino acids w/c are not essential to the animal but are normally synthesized or sufficient in the diet and need not be supplemented.
non-essential amino acids
32
list of non-essential amino acids (12)
| aaaccggghpst
1. alanine
2. asparagine
3. aspartic acid
4. cysteine
5. cystine
6. glutamic acid
7. glutamine
8. glycine
9. hydroxyproline
10. proline
11. serine
12. tyrosine
33
functions of protein
1. basic structural unit of the body
| 2. body metabolism
34
amino acid deficiency
lack of an important amino acid w/c result to deamination
35
deficiencies and abnormalities (protein)
reduced growth rate and feed efficiency
anorexia
infertility
amino acid deficiency - deamination
36
total mineral content of plants or animals
ash
37
classification of minerals
1. major minerals
| 2. trace minerals
38
minerals that normally present at greater level or needed in relatively large amounts in the diet
1. major minerals
39
minerals that present at low levels or needed in very small amount in the diet
* they are toxic at large quantities
2. trace minerals
40
list of major minerals (7)
Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, and S
41
list of trace minerals (8)
Cu, Zn, Co, F, I, Fe, Mn, Se
42
general functions of minerals (7)
1. Skeletal formation and maintenance
2. function in protein synthesis
3. oxygen transport
4. fluid balance (osmotic pressure)
5. regulating acid-base balance of the entire systems
6. activators and/or components of enzyme systems
7. mineral-vitamin relationship
43
1. Skeletal formation d maintenance
Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn
44
2. function in protein synthesis
P, S, Zn
45
3. oxygen transport
Fe, Cu
46
4. fluid balance (osmotic pressure)
Na, Cl, K
47
5. regulating acid-base balance of the entire systems
Na, Cl, K
48
6. activators and/or components of enzyme systems
Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn
49
7. mineral-vitamin relationship
Ca, P, Co, Se
50
essential for development of normal tissue necessary for metabolic activity but do not enter into structural portion of body;
cannot be synthesized by the animal;
*vitamin requirement may also increase in old age due to difficulties in absorption and utilization.
vitamins
51
related substances of vitamins
1. provitamins or precursors. i.e. carotene
| 2. antivitamins, vitamin antagonists or pseudovitamins
52
classification and structure of vitamins
1. fat soluble vitamins
| 2. water soluble vitamins
53
list of fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
54
list of water soluble vitamins (8)
1. thiamine
2. riboflavin
3. niacin
4. pyridoxine
5. pantothenic acid
6. biotin
7. choline
8. folic acid
55
functions of vitamins
1. regulator of metabolism
| 2. necessary for growth and maintenance
56
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
nervous disorders such as convulsion
```
A
E,
B1
B2
B6
FOLATE
```
57
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
Skin or mouth lesions
```
A
B2
B6
H
PP
Pant
```
58
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
discharge from eyes or swollen, pasted eyelids
A
| Pant
59
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
reduced resistance to infectious diseases
```
A
E
B2
B6
Pant
C
```
60
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
poor feathering
```
A
D
B6
H
Fol
PP
Pant
```
61
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
bone abnormalities
```
A
D
H
Fol
PP
```
62
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
leg weakness or paralysis
```
A
D
E
B2
B6
H
```
63
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
egg production reduced full potential
```
A
D
E
K
B2
B6
B12
```
64
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
retarded growth
A E K B1 B2 B6 B12 H Fol PP Pant C
65
vitamin deficiency (poultry)
hatchability reduced/below full potential
A D B2 B6 B12 H Fol Pant
66
vitamin deficiency (pigs)
muscular in coordination or other nervous signs
A, D, B6, B12, and pant
67
promotes the development of visual pigments;
indispensable for the formation and protection of epithelial tissues;
improved resistance to infections
vitamin A (retinol)
68
regulates the incorporation of Ca and P into the bone matrix and Ca absorption from the intestinal lumen
vitamin D (calciferol)
69
works as a biological antioxidant, as detoxifying agent and participates as a component of the respiratory chain;
functions in nucleic acid metabolism and in endocrine glands
vitamin E (tocopherol)
70
functions in blood coagulation system;
| acts in the maturation of bone structure
vitamin K (menadione)
71
participates in the process of carbohydrates metabolism
vitamin B1 (thiamin)
72
acts in the respiratory chain as a constituent of the flavin enzymes concerned with hydrogen transfer
vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
73
active in amino acid metabolism as a coenzyme of several enzyme system
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
74
essential in the reduction of one-carbon compounds in the fat and protein metabolism
vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
75
necessary for gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis where it acts in carboxylation reactions
Vitamin H (biotin)
76
acts in the one-carbon metabolism where it is indispensible in the formation of amino acid and nucleic acids
folic acid
77
acts as an active group of different coenzymes w/c are related to the citric acid cycle
nicotinic acid (niacin)
78
part of coenzyme A, w/c occupies a central postion in the intermediary metabolism by activating weakly active acids
pantothenic acid
79
essential in the formaion and maintenance of skeletal tissues participates as an oxidation - reduction system in cellular oxidation processes;
involved in defensive mechanisms
vitamin c (ascorbic acid)
80
calcium
```
1. bone and teeth formation - 99% of body calcium in
the bones and teeth
2. nerve and muscle function;
3. acid-base balance;
4. milk production,
5. egg production
```
81
chlorine and sodium
1. formation of digestive juices
2. control of body fluid concentration
3. control of body fluid pH
4. nerve and muscle activity
82
magnesium
1. necessary for many enzyme systems
2. plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism
3. necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system
83
phosphorus
1. bone and teeth formation - about 80% of body P is in the bones and teeth
2. as a component of protein in the soft tissues
3. milk production
4. egg production
5. in various metabolic processes
84
potassium
required by livestock for a variety of body functions such as:
1. osmotic relations
2. acid-base balance
3. rumen digestion
4. primary intracellular cation in
85
sulfur
1. component of the amino acid cystine and methionine and vitamins, biotin and thiamine
2. in the synthesis of sulfur containing amino acids in the rumen
3. in the formation of various body compounds
86
cobalt
1. component of vitamin B12 molecule
| 2. rumen synthesis of vitamin B12
87
copper
1. iron absorption
2. hemoglobin formation
3. syntheis of keratin for hair and wool growth
4. in various enzyme systems
88
flourine
1. reduces incidence of dental caries in humans and possibly other animals
2. possibly retards osteoporosis in mature animals
89
iodine
1. in the production of thyroxine by the thyroid gland
90
iron
1. necessary for hemoglobin formation
2. essential for the formation of certain enzymes related to oxygen transport and utilization
3. enters in the formation of certain compounds w/c serves as iron stores in the body - especially ferritin, found primarily in the liver and spleen and hemosiderin, found mainly in the blood
91
manganese
1. in enzyme systems influencing estrus, ovulation, fetal development, udder development, milk production, and growth and skeletal development.
92
molybdenum
1. as a component of enzyme xanthine oxidase -especially important to poultry for uric acid formation
2. stimulates action of rumen organism
93
selenium
1. vitamin E absorption and utilization
2. essential component of enzymes - glutathione peroxidase
3. work w/ vitamin E in the maintenance of normal cell functions and membrane health
94
functions to destroy toxic peroxides in the tissue thereby having a sparing effect in the vitamin E requirement
glutathione peroxidase
95
zinc
1. prevent parakeratosis
2. promotes general thriftiness and growth
3. promotes wound healing
4. related to hair
