BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT Flashcards
one of the least develop among the livestock and poultry industries in the country
beef cattle industry
*for the past 11 years, cattle inventory has only increased at rate of 4.3% per year.
per capita annual consumption of beef in 1999
2.70 kg
top 5 producing regions
- Ilocos
- southern tagalog
- central visayas
- northern mindanao
- western visayas
beef production systems in the Philippines (2)
- ranching or extensive system
2. feedlot fattening operation
2 operations under ranching or extensive system
- cow-calf operation
2. purebred program or breeder farm operation
aim to produce stockers and feeders;
initial and most fundamental step in the beef enterprise is the production of the claves and raising it to weaning age
- cow-calf operation
Aim is to produce breeder stocks to be sold to other ranchers;
highly specialized form of beef production
- purebred program or breeder farm operation
the objective is to add weight to the animal and increase its value
- feedlot fattening operation
three main reasons why feedlot fattening operation is important to the livestock industry of the Philippines?
- provides farmer extra income
- gives him year-round work and allow the use of cheap, plentiful farm by-products such as corn stovers, hay, silage, rice straw, copra meal, rice bran and sugarcane top w/c might otherwise wasted
- helps meet the urgent demand for high-protein foods in filipino diet
percentage of backyard sector
92% of total cattle production
backyard cattle raising is characterized by:
- 1 or 2 heads of either fattening or breeding cattle is raised on farmer’s spare time
- tethers animal to graze, then supplements this w/ farm wastes like rice straw or corn stovers/stalks
- practice of soiling and supplementing w/ ipil ipil as a source of protein, and rice bran, corn bran, or cops meal at 1-2 kg/ animal
- in batangas, force feeding (supa or supak) of feed mixture is a common practice among backyard cattle raisers
modern cattle (3)
- Aurochs (Bos primigenuis primigenius)
- Yak (poephagus grunniens)
- Genus bibos
india thought to be the homeland of primitive cattle w/c later expanded to eurasia and north africa
- Aurochs (Bos primigenuis primigenius)
related to aurochs,
from mountains of tibet,
some regions of middle asia, south siberia
- Yak (poephagus grunniens)
from india, malay archipelago and indochina, particularly burma
(B banteng) or ban cattle
(B frontalis) or gayal
- Genus bibos
europe origin such as shorthorn or jersey;
WITHOUT HUMPS and therefore of temperate origins
Bos taurus
tropical origin such as Brahman or Zebu of India or Afrikander of africa;
HUMP cattle;
adapted to tropical conditions
Bos indicus
crosses of two Sta. Gertrudis and Brangus
Sta. Gertrudis (5/8 shorthorn,3/8 brahman) and Brangus (5/8 brahman)
characteristics of zebu breeds (5)
- large hump over top of shoulder and neck
- large pendulous ears
- dewlap having large amounts of excess skin
- highly developed sweat glands (perspire more freely)
- oily secretion from sebaceous glands
zebu breeds (9)
- brahman
- indu-brazil
- kankref
- krishna
- nellore
- red sindhi
- sahiwal
- sta. gertudis
- tharparkar
zebu breed
Country and products
brahman
US,
meat hardiness
zebu breed
Country and products
Indu brazil
Brazil,
meat, hardiness
zebu breed
Country and products
kankref
india
draft, meat, milk
zebu breed
Country and products
krishna
india
draft, resistant to tick fever
zebu breed
Country and products
nellore
Brazil
meat
zebu breed
Country and products
red sindhi
pakistan
Milk
zebu breed
Country and products
sahiwal
India
Milk
Sta. gertrudis
US
Beef quality
zebu breed
Country and products
tharparkar
India
Milk, Draft
temperate breeds (8)
- Angus
- Chianina
- symmental
- Ayrshire
- Brown swiss
- Guernsey
- Holstein-Friesian
- Jersey
temperate breed
Country and products
Angus
Scotland
Meat
temperate breed
Country and products
chianina
Italy
draft, Meat
temperate breed
Country and products
Simmental
Switzerland
Milk, Butter, Cheese, Draft
temperate breed
Country and products
Ayrshire
Scotland
Milk, butter, cheese
temperate breed
Country and products
Brown swiss
Switzerland
Milk, Cheese
temperate breed
Country and products
Guernsey
France
Milk, High butterfat
temperate breed
Country and products
Holstein-Friesian
Netherlands
High-producing Dairy cow
temperate breed
Country and products
Jersey
France
Milk, butterfat
there are 278 identifiable breeds
beef breeds draft " meat-draft meat-dairy dairy-draft meat-dairy-draft dairy breeds
beef breeds = 33 draft breeds = 18 meat-draft = 39 meat-dairy = 54 dairy-draft = 21 meat-dairy-draft = 61 dairy breeds = 51
the most impact was carried through the brahman thriugh the pioneering of efforts of?
Mr. Antonio Nocom of Ansa farms of tiboli;
Tantangan in South cotabato and Lipa, Batangas;
sarangani cattle owned by the Consunji’s
brought cattle to the new world
christopher columbus and others
at present, they holds the distinction as the only southeast asian breeder of the beefalo. in fact, it holds the most number of beefalo, they holds the most number of beefalo semen outside of north america
MATHLING CORPORATION OF LANAO DEL SUR
the controlled propagation of cattle to improve qualities desirable to man
breeding
traits in w/c there is a sharp distinction between phenotypes;
usually, one or few pairs of genes are involved in the expression this traits.
SHOW DISCONTINOUS VARIATIONS
Qualitative traits
show continous variations between the extremes, because the trait is the sum of several effects caused by the gene
Quantitative traits
Qualitative traits examples
- coat color
- homed or polled
- certain blood characteristics (blood types, presence or absence of particular enzymes)
Quantitative traits examples
- growth rate
- live weight
- body measurements and maturity
- milk yield
- milk composition
it is possible to establish the fraction of total variation in the population that is caused by the additive effects of the genes. this fraction is known as ?
heritability
heritability
show that variations observed in the population of the traits is determined by genetics
1.00
heritability
variations observed in the population of the traits is entirely due to environment
0.00
heritability
variation is equally due to genetic and environment
0.50
are defined as several types mating to combine desirable qualititative and quantitative characteristics through mating sysytems w/c are planned or non-random
breeding systems
breeding systems (3)
- random mating (or unplanned)
- Inbreeding
- crossbreeding
types of inbreeding (3)
- close breeding
- line breeding
- strain breeding
types of cross breeding (2)
- systematic crossbreeding
2. upgrading
this means each possible mating in a population has the same probability or occurrence
- random mating (or unplanned)
mating of closely related individuals w/in a breed
- Inbreeding
effects of Inbreeding (4)
- marked decrease in fertility
- reduces vigor
- decrease in growth rate of offspring
- reduces viability of the offspring
mating of close relatives (ex. father-daughter, son-mother, brother, sister
close breeding
breeding of not so close relatives (ex. cousins)
this is a form mild inbreeding designed to concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor of the genetic constitution of the progeny
line breeding
a very mild form of inbreeding w/c leads to increase homozygousity w/in the strain in the long term
strain breeding
meeting of individuals from two or more established purebreds
cross breeding
purpose/ benefits of cross breeding (2)
- to increase heterozygousity
2. to take advantage of hybrid vigor or heterosis
the average quality of the 1st generation exceeding the average of the 2 parental breeds
hybrid vigor
is displayed mainly in the fitness traits, fertility and viability
heterosis
type of cross breeding w/c 2 or more breeds are involved in a breeding program lasting several yrs. this way, a crossbred w/c may eventually stabilized into a breed, (ex. Brangus (brahman x Angus); Charbray (Charolsis x brahman)
systematic breeding
type of crossbreeding w/c is the mating of purebred sires to nondescript or native female and their offspring generation after generation
Upgrading
Reproduction phenomenon
sexual maturity (bulls/heifer)
6-8 mos.
estrus cycle
18 -24 days (Ave. 21 days)
estrus duration
Exotic/ european breeds -
indigenous/ zebu breeds -
Exotic/ european breeds - 14- 18 hrs.
indigenous/ zebu breeds - 10-12 hrs
ovulation
10-14 hrs after end of estrus
parturition
Ave. 283 days
Bull Ejaculate
2- 12ml of 500 or more sperm cells/ml
*Sperm cells survive the oviduct up to a maximum of 48 hrs.
signs of Estrus
- mount others
- reddening and swelling of vulva
- mucous discharge
- isolates herself
- seem sickly and has no appetite
- frequent urination, restlessness and sometime bellowing or mooing
- standing still when mounted (the only reliable or true sign of estrus; estrus is defined as the period of sexual receptivity of the female to the male
breeding methods
- natural method
2. Artificial Insemination
2 types of natural method
- hand mating
2. pasture mating
conventional use of bull to impregnate a heifer or cow
- natural method
hand mating
bull in good condition can serve 3-4x a week or one service every other day
I. 18 mos. old -
Ii. 2 yrs old -
Iii. 3yrs old -
I. 18 mos. old - 1:12-15
Ii. 2 yrs old - 1:20-25
Iii. 3yrs old - 1:40-50
pasture mating (2-3 mos. old)
I. 2-3 yrs. old bull -
Ii. 9 yrs old bull -
I. 2-3 yrs. old bull - 10-15 cows
Ii. 9 yrs old bull - 20-25 cows
process including fertilization in female w/o the benefit of sexual contact between male and female animals
artificial insemination
AI guideline:
“Females observed in estrus in the morning, are inseminated late afternoon of the same day. those observed in the afternoon, are inseminated not later than noon time the next day.”
some indicators of good breeding or Reproductive management (5)
a. conception rate (pregnancy)
b. % (90 or 120 day) non returns
c. calving rate
d. calving interval
e. 1st heat after parturition
% of breeding females that conceived versus the total exposed females
a. conception rate (pregnancy)
cows pregnant at end of breeding season CR = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ x 100
cows exposed during breeding season
% of breeding females confined pregnant at 90 or 120 days, by pregnancy diagnosis, versus the total exposed females. this is similar to conception rate.
b. % (90 or 120 day) non returns
% of breeding females that give birth versus the total exposed females
c. calving rate
the average length of time (in days) between successive calving
* can be calculated for each cow or the entire herd * one year is ideal. 18 mos. is common
d. calving interval
the uccurrence of estrus after giving birth to a young. 1st heat is related to calving interval
e. 1st heat after parturition
common feeds for ruminants (4)
- forages
- by-products forages
- concentrate
- use of urea in ruminant ration
is the natural cheapest feeds for ruminants and includes not only grasses but also legumes
- forages
most of these are highly fibrous (rice, straw, corn cobs, sugar cane tops), low in CP and TDN and have poor digestibility
- by-products forages
unlike in developed countries, little amount of grain is fed ruminants locally. copra meal, rice bran, wheat pollard are commonly used by-product concentrates, contain from 20% as in case of molasses to 21% in copra meal
- concentrate
has a long used as partial protein source ruminants in other countries
- use of urea in ruminant ration
the ffg. giudelines are recommended for safe use of urea:
add fertilizer grade urea at not more than:
a. 1% of the ration (dry matter basis)
b. 2.3% of the concentrate mixture, (air-dry basis)
c. 25.30% of the total dietary protein
ensures the appropriate nutrition of various age groups of the herd;
prevent premature breeding w/c seriously affect the growth of young bulls and heifers and prevent the high rate of abortion resulting from butting and fighting of animals
herd division
animals may be divided into the ffg. herds:
- pregnant herd
- breeding herd
- heifer herd
- steers, feeders or fattening herd
- bull herd
composed of pregnant females. cows are grouped w/ the breeding herd during the breeding season
- pregnant herd
consists of dry cows and heifers ready for breeding. after the breeding season, pregnant animals are transferred to the pregnant herd.
- breeding herd
composed of heifers not yet ready for breeding. heifer calves are included in this herd after weaning
- heifer herd
consists of growing cattle and those to be fattened for the market
- steers, feeders or fattening herd
consists of mature males kept mainly for servicing the breeder cows.
- bull herd
signs of pregnancy
- cessation of estrus or heat
- enlargement of the abdomen and udder
- palpation 60-90 days after breeding (more reliable pregnancy test)
is the manual examination of the reproductive tract by way of the rectum and colon to verify pregnancy in cattle
palpation
should suckle colostrum milk from their mother w/in 3 hrs after calving
calves
are usually maintaned at the pasture w/ very little attention, they are given salt and mineral supplement
grower
require a shorter period to reach slaughter weight. they are generally bigger, mature, or nearing maturity.
however, one and a half - 2yr old animals weighing 200-300 kg are preferred.
fatteners
*they maybe fattened either in feedlot, on pasture or both areas
this practice is necessary for management purposes and to denote ownership
cattle identification
is the most common method of identifying cattle. the owner brand is placed on the animals left foreleg
branding w/ hot iron
other effective methods of identifying cattle
putting ear legs or ear notches
advantage of dehorning
- they occupy less space in transit or shipment
2. they are more uniform in appearance
both effective ways of surgically removing testicles (castrating)
*slit and cap methods
bloodless castration
can be done w/ burdizzo pinchers or emasculators
tends to decrease the rate of live weight gain by 15% - 20%
castration
breeding stock w/ poor performance that should be culled for slaughter:
- cow that calves every one and a half to 2 yrs
- produces little amount of milk and raises small calf despite of good feeding and management.
- small, weak, and unhealthy animals w/c are susceptible to diseases and may become the source of infection of the herd if not removed on time
- heifers that do not come in heat in spite of proper age, good size, healthy condition, vigor and strength.
- heifers that fail to meet the standard set for breeding herd
- bull and cows w/c have undesirable heriditary defects such as inverted teats, hernia, dwarfism, bull dog, cryptorchidism, and the like
failure of one or both teats in descend normally
cryptorchidism
some important diseases in cattle
- FMD
- hemorrhagic septicemia
- Anthrax
- blackleg (malignant)
- tetanus
pasteurella multocida
hemorrhagic septicemia
bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
clostridium chauveilsepticum
blackleg (malignant)
clostridium tetani
tetanus
apthovirus types A, O, C Phil
FMD
