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Animal Science > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth

A

PREHENSION

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2
Q

principal prehensile structures

A

lips (beak in birds)
teeth
tongue

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3
Q

prehensile structures: cattle

A

tongue and lower incisors.

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4
Q

prehensile structures: horses and sheep

A

lips and teeth

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5
Q

possess a complete set of incisors and molars

A

pig and horse

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6
Q

chewing;
mechanical breakdown of feed into finer particles;
allows the feed to be well mixed with saliva to facilitate swallowing

A

mastication

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7
Q

mixing of feed with saliva;

greatest during feeding, mastication, remastication in ruminants.

A

insalivation

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8
Q

lubricates the feed bolus, adds small amounts of amylase, and because of its alkalinity and large volume, buffers the pH in the rumen

A

saliva

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9
Q

mechanical breakdown of feed and the consequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa;
breakdown of feed particles into suitable products for absorption

A

digestion

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10
Q

a complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes in other substances within the body without being changes itself (organic catalyst)

A

enzymes

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11
Q

enzyme of saliva

A

salivary amylase/ptyalin

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12
Q

enzymes of rumen

A

microbial cellulose
microbial amylase
microbial proteases
microbial urease

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13
Q

enzyme of stomach, abomasum, and proventriculus

A

pepsin

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14
Q

enzymes of pancreas (enzymes are secreted into the duodenum)

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

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15
Q

starch to maltose; begins the initial digestion of sugars and starch

A

salivary amylase/ptyalin

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16
Q

cellulose to volatile fatty acids

A

microbial cellulose

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17
Q

starch to volatile fatty acids and lactic acid

A

microbial amylase

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18
Q

protein to amino acids and NH3

A

microbial proteases

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19
Q

urea to CO2 and NH3

A

microbial urease

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20
Q

protein to polypeptides

A

pepsin

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21
Q

protein to peptides and amino acids

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

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22
Q

transfer of substance from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory (blood or lymph) system;
occurs when nutrients are broken down to very small molecules to their basic units with the action of enzymes;
occurs primarily in the small and large intestine.

A

ABSORPTION

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23
Q

PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A
  1. mouth and buccal cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. accessory glands
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24
Q

3 divisions of small intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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25
Q

3 sections of large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
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26
Q

what are the accessory glands?

A

pancreas

liver

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27
Q

for prehension, mastication and insalivation;
used in bolus formation in ruminants;
has 3 accessory glands

A
  1. mouth and buccal cavity
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28
Q

3 accessory glands of mouth and buccal cavity

A
  1. tongue
  2. teeth
  3. salivary glands
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29
Q

grasping of food

A
  1. tongue
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30
Q

mastication of food

A
  1. teeth
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31
Q

produvced saliva w/c contains water to moisten food;
mucin to lubricate food for easy swallowing; bicarbonates salts to buffer(regulate pH);
salivary amylase to start carbohydrate digestion

A
  1. salivary glands
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32
Q

common passage for air and feed

A

pharynx

33
Q

the inspired air crosses to the pharynx to enter the …

A

larynx

34
Q

the feed crosses the pharynx to enter the ….

A

esophagus

35
Q

muscular tube which connects the stomach to the mouth;

allows passage of food from mouth to stomach.

A

esophagus

36
Q

muscular organ w/c is the site for feed storage, grinding, and mixing of feed, absorption, enzymatic action and microbial fermantation.

A

stomach

37
Q

3 majoir functions of stomach:

A
  1. storage of ingested feed,
  2. mechanical breakdown,
  3. production of HCL, enzymes and mucus
38
Q

an active site of digestion that receives secretions from the pancreas, liver and intestinal walls.

A

duodenum

39
Q

middle section of small intestine that is involved in nutrient absorption.

A

jejunum

40
Q

last section of small intestine;

also involved in nutrient absorption

A

ileum

41
Q

continue protein hydrolysis

A

proteolytic enzymes

42
Q

converts starch to maltose

A

pancreatic amylase

43
Q

reduce dipeptides to single amino acids

A

peptidase enzymes

44
Q

produced by the liver, stored and secreted by the gall bladder(not present in the horse);
aids digestion in the small intestine by emulsifying fat particles

A

bile

45
Q

enhance digestion in small intestine (4)

A

proteolytic enzymes
pancreatic amylase
peptidase enzymes
bile

46
Q

first section of large intestine w/c is relatively large in the horse and rabbit;
when well developed as in the horse contains many bacterial w/c produced enzymes that digest fiber

A

cecum

47
Q

middle section of large intestine w/c is involved in reabsorption of water;
length is related to amount of water reabsorption
e.i., very long in the desert rat

A

colon

48
Q

last section of large intestine

A

rectum

49
Q

produces digestive enzyme needed in the digestive processes that take place in small intestine

A

pancreas

50
Q

secretes bile needed for emulsification of fat in the small intestine

A

liver

51
Q

types of animals based on their stomach structure

A
  1. monogastric
  2. modified simple stomach
  3. compound stomach/ ruminants
52
Q

simple stomach. one compartment;

includes swine and horses

A
  1. monogastric
53
Q

digestive pathway for feeds in monogastrics:

A

mouth - esophagus - simple stomach - small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - large intestine, (and cecum) - rectum - anus

54
Q

can be found in poultry species w/ the following modifications: gizzaed, crop, proventriculus

A

modified simple stomach

55
Q

avian GI tract (4)

A

mouth
esophagus
proventriculus
gizzard/ventriculus

56
Q

avian GI tract
- does not contain teeth, beak used to collect particles of feed and to beak some large particles into smaller pieces;
tongue and salivary glands are present and saliva contain salivary amylase

A

mouth

57
Q

avian GI tract

- include an enlarged area called crop

A

esophagus

58
Q

avian GI tract
- corresponds to the true stomach;
site of HCI and pepsin production in bird

A

proventriculus

59
Q

avian GI tract

- muscular area w/c contains grot; the involuntary muscular contraction aid in the mechanical breakdown of food.

A

gizzard/ventriculus

60
Q

avian GI tract
- temporay storage and moistening of food, as aplace of salivary amylase to work, and as microbial fermantation in some species

A

crop

61
Q

digestive pathway in poultry:

A

mouth - esophagus - crop - proventriculus (stomach) - gizzard - small intestine - large intestine (and ceca) - cloaca - vent

62
Q

general term for those possesing a single stomach compartment (as well as the modified stomach)

A

NON-RUMINANT

63
Q

with 4 compartments (in mature);
able to rapidly ingest and store large quantities of fibrous feeds in their rumen;
able to conver feeds that are ingestible by humans and other monogastrics into useful nutrients and products;
able to utilize fibrous feeds, non-protein N, and they can produce all of the essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins

A
  1. compound stomach/ ruminants
64
Q

exmaples of compound stomach/ ruminants animals

A

cattle
carabao
sheep
goat

65
Q

digestive pathway in ruminants

A

mouth - esophagus - reticulo - rumen - (process of regurgitation, rechewing, reinsalivation, and reswallowing) - reticulo - rumen - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large intestine (and cecum) - rectum - anus

66
Q

the formation of “balls” of feed out of masticated feed particles.

A

bolus formation

67
Q

4 compartments in compound stomach/ ruminants

A
  1. rumen
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
68
Q

main site of microbial fermantation of feeds;
largest of the four compartments;
left side; covered by projections called PAPILLAE
muscular walls secrete no enzymes

A
  1. rumen
69
Q

regulates the passage of feed from the ruman to the succeeding compartments;
aids regurgitation of feed back to the mouth; also site of microbial fermentation

A
  1. reticulum
70
Q

round muscular organ w/c contains many muscular laminae (sometimes calles manyplies);
further grinds and reduces the feed into finer particles before the feed enters the abomasum

A
  1. omasum
71
Q

true stomach of the ruminants

A
  1. abomasum
72
Q

projections that is required for absortion of nutrients

A

PAPILLAE

73
Q

3 major benefits of microbial fermentation in ruminants:

A
  1. coversion of cellulose from vegetative materials to VFA as sources of energy
  2. production of microbial protein from feed proteins and non-protein N sources that provide the essential amino acids
  3. synthesis of Vitamin K and the B-Vitamins
74
Q

2 functions of reticulum

A
  1. to move the food into the rumen or omasum

2. collection of dense particles of food and in regurgitation of ingesta during rumination.

75
Q

process of movement of ingesta back up the esophagus to the mouth for additional mechanical breakdown

A

rumination/ “chewing thw cud”

76
Q

additional unique features of ruminants

A

esophageal groove
rumination
eructation

77
Q

begins at the base of the esophagus and when stimulated by sucking forms a tube w/c empties into the abomasums;
function: direct milk obtained from sucking to escape microbial digestions in the rumen

A

esophageal groove

78
Q

belching of gas;
allows for removal of large volumes of gas produced in the rumen;
contractions of the upper part of the rumen force the gas up the esophagus and from there the gas penetrates into the trachea and lungs

A

eructation

Animal Science (20 decks)

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