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Introduction to Animal Science > Poultry - Avian > Flashcards

Poultry - Avian Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mature male chicken?

A

Rooster/Cock

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2
Q

Mature female chicken?

A

Hen

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3
Q

Castrated male chicken?

A

Capon

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4
Q

Immature male chicken?

A

Cockrel

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5
Q

Chicken offspring?

A

chick

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6
Q

Immature female chicken?

A

Pullet

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7
Q

Chicken breeds?

A

White Leghorn, Barred Plymouth Rock, White Cornish, Rhode Island Red

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8
Q

Novelty chicken breeds?

A

Naked Neck (Turken), Ameraucana, Sultan

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9
Q

Turkey breeds?

A

Bronze, Bourbon, White. Narragansett

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10
Q

Duck breeds?

A

Pekin, Muscovy

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11
Q

Geese breeds?

A

Brown Chinese, Pilgrim

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12
Q

What are other types of birds?

A

quail, parrots, ostrich

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13
Q

What is Georgia a national leader in?

A

Quail production

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14
Q

What does ratite mean?

A

flightless, large, long-legged bird

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15
Q

What are examples of ritites?

A

Ostrich and Emu

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16
Q

How much meat do Jungle Fowl produce? How long does it take?

A

4-6 pounds in 3+ years

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17
Q

How much meat do broilers produce? How long does it take?

A

4 pounds in <40 days

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18
Q

What has happened to domesticated chicken size overtime? Why?

A

increased; genetic selection

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19
Q

What has happened to poultry production overtime?

A

increased

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20
Q

What countries lead in broiler meat production?

A

United States, Brazil, EU, China, India, Russia

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21
Q

What states lead in broiler meat production?

A

Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Texas

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22
Q

What states lead in turkey production?

A

Minnesota, North Carolina, Arkansas, Indiana, Montana

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23
Q

What are the leading chicken industry brands?

A

Pilgrim’s Pride, Tyson Foods, Perdue Farms

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24
Q

What is the order of the chicken supply chain?

A

(insert name of chicken company/subsidy)->Pullet farms-> Breeder farms -> Hatchery -> Broiler farm -> Processing/further-processing plant ->distribution

Feed mil from pullet to broiler

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25
Q

What does (inset company name here) do?

A

provide grandparent and parent breeding stock

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26
Q

What does Pullet Farm do?

A

pullets (parents) grown to 20 weeks

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27
Q

What does Breeder farms do?

A

Pullets begin laying eggs at 26 weeks

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28
Q

What does hatchery do?

A

eggs are in hatchery for 21 days

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29
Q

What does Broiler farm do?

A

Broilers reach market weight in about 46 days

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30
Q

What do feed mills do?

A

produce scientifically formulated feed for pellets and broilers

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31
Q

What Tyson chicken operations are in south Georgia?

A

Buena Vista, Dawson, Oglethorpe, Vienna

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32
Q

What is Buena Vista?

A

processing plant

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33
Q

What is Dawson?

A

further processing plant

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34
Q

What is Oglethorpe?

A

feed mill, hatchery

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35
Q

What is Vienna?

A

processing plant, cold storage warehouse

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36
Q

What type of life cycle do broilers have?

A

all in-all out, don’t want overlap

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37
Q

How many broods of broilers are there a year?

A

5-8

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38
Q

What is the broiler life cycle?

A

fertilization/hatchery (day 0) -> 1-3 d Chicks/Grower (day 21) -> Remove/Grower (day 80, <60 day post-hatching) -> Sterilization/Sanitation (day 81) -> 1-3 d Chicks/Grower (day 95-102)

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39
Q

Why are inside areas better than free range?

A

level of predation is lower

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40
Q

What are characteristics of a modern poultry farm?

A

climate controlled, birds remain in their the time of their life, has a carrying capacity, litter (wood shavings)

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41
Q

What has to happen to litter?

A

It has to be replaced frequently due to Nitrogen build up

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42
Q

What is the purpose of a heat lamp?

A

mimic brooding, as chicks go they require a higher temp

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43
Q

What does length of heat depend on?

A

season; brooding in summer (2 weeks) and brooding in winter (3 weeks)

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44
Q

How has the kind of poultry meat produced changed overtime?

A

decrease in whole chicken, increase in cut up and further processed

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45
Q

What can chicken litter be used for?

A

fertilization, biogas generation, (and something else idk)

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46
Q

What are the leading states in chicken and manure production?

A

Georgia, Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina

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47
Q

How long does it take turkeys to reach meat production age?

A

6 months to 24 weeks

48
Q

At what weight are turkeys slaughtered?

A

35 pounds

49
Q

How many eggs a year do Jungle Fowl produce?

A

4-10

50
Q

How many eggs a year do White Leghorn produce?

A

250

51
Q

What country is the leader of egg production?

A

China

52
Q

What states lead in egg production?

A

Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania

53
Q

Do all egg laying chickens produce the same amount?

A

no

54
Q

On average how many eggs do laying hens produce a year?

A

250

55
Q

What is done to the beaks of laying hen chickens and why?

A

beaks are trimmed to prevent cannibalism

56
Q

How is molting induced?

A

fasting and reducing the daylight

57
Q

What happens when chickens molt?

A

stop laying eggs

58
Q

What is molting in the wild?

A

chickens shed and regrow feathers in the fall as daylight decreases

59
Q

What does molting improve?

A

egg laying rate, shell quality, and albumin height

60
Q

How are laying hens kept? Why?

A

in cages to reduce exposure to disease and keep eggs cleaner

61
Q

What are the types of laying hen systems?

A

conventional battery cages, enriched colony, aviary

62
Q

What is the name of the group that investigates egg laying facilities?

A

Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply (CSES)

63
Q

What are animal care issues?

A

Study methods, Commercial setting, Sample size, required multiple years, very expensive

64
Q

What are characteristics of conventional battery cages?

A

indoors, climate controlled, multi leveled, 6 hens per cage, eggs roll down

65
Q

What are characteristics of enriched colony?

A

indoor, multi level, wire mesh floor, wider space than battery cages, allows chickens to express normal behavior

66
Q

What are characteristics of an aviary?

A

free range, no cages, indoors, climate controlled, open space and multiple levels to allow for natural behavior

67
Q

What is incubation?

A

warming egg and turning it so that developing embryo develops and also doesn’t stick to one side

68
Q

How many US households own bird?

A

7.9 million

69
Q

How many birds are owned at pets in the US?

A

20.3 million

70
Q

What is the accepted hen mortality rate?

A

5%

71
Q

Which laying facility has the highest mortality rate?

A

aviary

72
Q

What is Campylobacter spp.?

A

the most common bacteria that causes diarrhea

73
Q

Why do aviaries have a high mortality rate?

A

Campylobacter spp.

74
Q

What laying facility is best?

A

Enriched colony

75
Q

How is the enriched colony being the best facility a compromise?

A

improves welfare with the fewest problems with sustainability

76
Q

Why is free range not sustainable?

A

it will not meet the demand for food, and we would need for land and resources than we have access to

77
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum?

A

egg pickup, sperm storage, and fertilization

78
Q

What is the function of the isthmus?

A

formation of shell membrane

79
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

formation of shell

80
Q

What is the function of the Magnum?

A

albumen (egg white) secretion

81
Q

Do chickens lay eggs everyday?

A

no

82
Q

How long does the egg stay in the infundibulum?

A

0.5 hours

83
Q

How long does the egg stay in the magnum?

A

2-3 hours

84
Q

How long does the egg stay in the isthmus?

A

1.5 hours

85
Q

How long does the egg stay in the uterus?

A

18-20 hours

86
Q

What is pause length?

A

clutch size

87
Q

a longer pause length means?

A

lower production quality

88
Q

What does clutch size increase with?

A

LH surge

89
Q

When does LH surge peak?

A

when dark

90
Q

What deformities can result from egg production?

A

egg shape/size, double yolk, double shell

91
Q

What is the purpose of candling?

A

see if egg is fertile, looking for germinal disk

92
Q

Can the same hen lay eggs of varying sizes? is this good or bad?

A

yes, bad

93
Q

What is the purpose of the air cell?

A

so the chick can have air to breathe while developing, located at the blunt end

94
Q

What is the function of the chalaza?

A

hold yolk in place

95
Q

What two things are eggs measured in to determine their quality?

A

air cell and shell thickness

96
Q

What two things are eggs categorized in?

A

size (class) and quality (grade)

97
Q

What grades are there for eggs?

A

AA, A, or B

98
Q

Is more or less shell thickness better?

A

less

99
Q

Is more or less air cell better?

A

less

100
Q

How has the distribution of eggs produced changed overtime?

A

number of liquid egg increases, shell in decreases, exported egg briefly increased but then decreased again

101
Q

What is the life cycle of laying chickens?

A

fertilization (day 0)>Hatching (day 21)>Grow Out (6 months)>Laying Phase (50 weeks)> Forced Molting>Laying Phase II (30 weeks)>Processing

102
Q

Why is laying phase not continued after the second one?

A

they don’t produce as much after

103
Q

Is the laying or broiler life cycle longer?

A

laying

104
Q

What occurs during the grow out phase (laying)?

A

provide nutrition (energy, protein, calcium, phosphorous)

105
Q

How many mL of semen are taken from roosters?

A

1-1.5

106
Q

What occurs after hatching?

A

placed on hatching tray so sexing can occur

107
Q

How are chicks sexed?

A

wing feathers, vent anatomy, and barring

108
Q

How are chicks sexed by wing feathers?

A

if feathers same height it is male, if differing it is female

109
Q

How are chicks sexed by vent anatomy?

A

bump means male, no bump means female

110
Q

How are chicks sexed by barring?

A

white spot on head means male

111
Q

What is zoonotic?

A

diseases that can go from human to animal or animal to human

112
Q

What does avian flu come from?

A

migratory birds

113
Q

What is an increasing source of salmonella?

A

backyard poultry

114
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella?

A

diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps,

115
Q

What can result from salmonella?

A

Hospitalizations or death

116
Q

How can you reduce chance of salmonella infection?

A

wash hands with soap and water after handling poultry, don’t eat or drink in the area where the birds live, don’t let young children or elderly or those with weakened immune system handle poultry, don’t kiss or snuggle birds and then touch mouth

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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