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Introduction to Animal Science > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetics?

A

a branch of biology that studies inheritance

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2
Q

What are ways genetic improvement occurs?

A

selection, transgenic

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3
Q

What is Chester White?

A

a breed of swine that is the result of several years of genetic improvement through selection

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4
Q

How have genetic improvements occurred in dairy?

A

less cows are bred, but more milk is produced; cows were selected for more protein and fat in milk, and selected for health

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5
Q

What is feed efficiency?

A

6:1 down to 2.5:1 (feed intake : weight gain)

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6
Q

What are the benefits of feed efficiency?

A

save money and get to market faster

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7
Q

What is a genetic improvement in sheep?

A

wool production

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8
Q

How has genetic improvement affected chickens?

A

egg production; some Gallus domesticus strains can go up to 320 eggs per year

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9
Q

What are meat type chickens called? egg?

A

broilers; layers

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10
Q

How long are broilers kept? why?

A

6 weeks; after about 7 weeks they continuing growing until they plateau and develop leg problems

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11
Q

Why is AI used for domesticated turkeys?

A

sexual dimorphism, the males are too large

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12
Q

What is genetic improvement in beef cows?

A

less cows producing more meat

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13
Q

What is genetic improvement in horses?

A

There hasn’t been much change because selection is more for diseases and health than production; speed is almost maxed out in horses and there has to be a speed variant in order to breed it

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14
Q

What is linebreeding?

A

concentration of genes of a particular ancestor

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15
Q

How are genetic diseases inherited?

A

is a disease is a recessively inherited trait, have to be present in both parents in order for it to be shown; if dominant only shown in 1 parent

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16
Q

What is herritability?

A

degree of responsiveness, ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance; measures how much genetic variance is controlled by genes instead of environment

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17
Q

What is considered moderate to high herritability?

A

> 0.2

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18
Q

What is phenotype?

A

what you see

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19
Q

What is genotype?

A

genetic makeup

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20
Q

What is environment?

A

what is around (nutrition, housing, nourishment)

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21
Q

What is the equation for phenotype?

A

P=G+E

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22
Q

What is a gene?

A

basic unit of inheritance consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome; a segment of DNA

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23
Q

What is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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24
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

one of a number of long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell

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25
Q

Where are genes located?

A

on DNA

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26
Q

What are loci?

A

locations of chromosomes where genes are located (locus is looking at one location, loci is looking at many locations)

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27
Q

What are Mendel’s laws

A

Law of segregation, law of independent assortment

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28
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

offspring receive one allele from each parent

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29
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

alleles of the two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another (allele a gamete receives for one does not influence the allele received for another gene)

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30
Q

What is another name for phenotypes?

A

traits

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31
Q

What are simple mendelian genetics?

A

dominance, recessive, incomplete dominance

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32
Q

What is horned vs polled an example of?

A

dominant and recessive traits (if polled is dominant, when bred with a horned female the offspring is polled)

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33
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

see the expression of other alleles, majority of one and some of the other

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34
Q

In Mendel’s experiments, what was F1?

A

the first generation were all round, there were alleles for wrinkles but they were hidden

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35
Q

What is codominance?

A

2 alleles showing on phenotype at same degree (like a spotted dog)

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36
Q

What is TT?

A

homozygous

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37
Q

What is Tt?

A

heterozygous

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38
Q

What is qualitative?

A

controlled by 1 or few genes, divided into 2 discrete classes (is it present or not/ yes or no)

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39
Q

What is quantitative?

A

controlled by many genes, expression over a range (weight, height)

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40
Q

What type of trait is dystocia?

A

quantitative (despite being a yes or no)

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41
Q

Does the environment affect qualitative or quantitative traits?

A

quantitative

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42
Q

What does simply inherited mean?

A

few genes

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43
Q

What does polygenic mean?

A

many genes, polyfactorial (many factors)

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44
Q

What are the two types of genetic change?

A

natural selection and artificial selection

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45
Q

What does natural selection mean?

A

environmental influence

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46
Q

What does artificial selection mean?

A

human influence

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47
Q

Does natural selection still exist?

A

yes

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48
Q

What are the two types of breeding systems?

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

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49
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

mating individuals more related than the average of the population

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50
Q

What is outbreeding?

A

mating of individuals less related than the average of the population

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51
Q

Inbreeding is the _____ for all domestic animals?

A

basis

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52
Q

Does inbreeding cause mutations?

A

no, it doesn’t increase or cause mutations

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53
Q

What does inbreeding increase?

A

expression of genes and traits that are present, increases homozygosity

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54
Q

What are the types of inbreeding?

A

full seed, half seed, linebreeding (and mating of cousins)

55
Q

What is full seed inbreeding?

A

same mother and father (or even breeding a parent and child)

56
Q

What is half seed inbreeding?

A

only one parent in common

57
Q

What are the two types of outbreeding?

A

crossbreeding, within breed/outcrossing

58
Q

What are the genetic effects of inbreeding? phenotypic?

A

increase in homozygosity; inbreeding depression (reduced survival and fertility of offspring)

59
Q

What are the genetic effects of outbreeding? phenotypic?

A

increase in heterozygosity; heterosis/hybrid vigor

60
Q

What is crossbreeding?

A

breeding of animals of different breeds or species

61
Q

What is outcrossing?

A

breeding within the breed

62
Q

Can inbreeding happen in the wild?

A

yes, isolated animals will inbreed and can lead to extinction

63
Q

What is heterosis?

A

hybrid vigor, an increase in the offspring performance over the purebreds parents

64
Q

What is complementarity?

A

mating in individuals with different but complementary traits

65
Q

What is crossbreeding used extensively in? What else?

A

meat producing animals (beef, swine, broilers, meat breeds of sheep); pets

66
Q

What is crossbreeding rarely used in?

A

wool, horses, dairy, egg production

67
Q

What environment do brangus do better in than angus?

A

dryer

68
Q

Why isn’t crossbreeding used for dairy?

A

because they can’t be outperformed, production wouldn’t benefit but maybe fertility would

69
Q

What is the genetic makeup of brangus?

A

5/8 angus x 3/8 brahman, the first generation has 50:50 so have to breed multiple times

70
Q

What is genetic fitness?

A

ability to pass on genes and reproduce

71
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate, resulting in a daughter cell having both and then the other neither

72
Q

Why can’t horses and donkeys produce fertile offspring?

A

horses have 64 chromosomes and donkeys have 62 chromosomes

73
Q

What is a mule called?

A

a hybrid (he said chimera?)

74
Q

How many chromosomes do cats have?

A

38 chromosomes

75
Q

How many chromosomes do dogs have?

A

78 chromosomes

76
Q

What are examples of undesirable crossbreeding effects?

A

mules and ligers

77
Q

What is another name for embryo splitting?

A

low level cloning

78
Q

What are the 4 types of genetic manipulation techniques?

A

natural mating, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, embryo splitting

79
Q

What is embryo splitting?

A

after fertilization, as development begins, you can split the developing embryo into 2 or 3 during blastocyst stage, each split will grow into their own individual

80
Q

Is a narrow genetic base good or bad?

A

bad, you want to increase the genetic base

81
Q

You can trace every dairy cow back to ______.

A

35 males

82
Q

Is artificial insemination used in chickens?

A

only some, usually fresh semen is used instead

83
Q

Is artificial insemination used in beef cows?

A

a little, genetic improvement is not as great

84
Q

For embryo transfer, what must be true for the donor and receiver?

A

have to be at the same reproductive state

85
Q

How many embryos are inserted for embryo transfer?

A

multiple embryos because you don’t know if they all will develop; if more than 2 are inserted and they all develop they remove the extra

86
Q

Do donor cows produce milk?

A

they are usually dry

87
Q

Is embryo transfer cheap or expensive? why?

A

expensive because it is not guarenteed

88
Q

How is embryo splitting done?

A

microdissection

89
Q

What is selection?

A

determination of parents of the next generation

90
Q

What is a triploidy?

A

have half complement of diploid chromosomes onto them, 1.5 the normal amount, have additional set of chromosomes (69)

91
Q

How does a triploidy occur?

A

preventing the 2nd meiotic division results in the triploid

92
Q

What are characteristics of a triploidy?

A

no genetic fitness, no reproduction, rapid/prolonged growth

93
Q

Can triploidy happen naturally?

A

yes, but it is mostly induced by humans

94
Q

What is cloning?

A

reproduction of a new animal from an existing animal

95
Q

What kind of reproduction is cloning?

A

asexual

96
Q

What is enucleation?

A

removing the nucleus

97
Q

How does cloning occur generally?

A

put the nucleus of a cell from the animal you are trying to clone into the enucleated cell of another animal

98
Q

Who was behind the research for Dolly the sheep?

A

Ian Wilmut

99
Q

How was Dolly the sheep cloned?

A

the roslin method

100
Q

What is the roslin method?

A

using electro cell manipulation (ECM); An egg cell that has had its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allowed to develop into an embryo. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate.

101
Q

What do scientists want to clone and bring back from extinction?

A

the auroch

102
Q

How would scientists clone the auroch?

A

by using the nucleus from Auroch remains and bovine/bison enucleated embryo

103
Q

What is transgenic?

A

taking genes from one species and inserting into another species

104
Q

What are examples of transgenic?

A

tobacco + luciferase gene, cats injected with jellyfish gene, animals inserted with antithrombin gene

105
Q

Why were cats injected with jellyfish genes?

A

the macque gene is thought to protect against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) so it was inserted into cat embryo (caused the cats to have a fluorescent glow)

106
Q

What is antithrombin?

A

a plasma protein with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties

107
Q

Why is antithrombin inserted into animals?

A

1 in 5,000 Americans are antithrombin deficient and have a high risk of clotting during surgery; genetically modified goats produce human antithrombin in their milk

108
Q

What is propagate by natural breeding?

A

mating of animals by natural means (?)

109
Q

What is rDNA?

A

r stands for recombinant; combining DNA for 2 or more organisms or species

110
Q

What are traits of transgenic salmon?

A

grows faster but consumes less food; can reproduce (?)

111
Q

What does CRISPR stand for?

A

Clustered Regularity Interspaces Short Palindromic Repeats

112
Q

What is CRISPR successful in?

A

it is the most successful of all DNA editing technology

113
Q

What does PRRS stand for?

A

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome

114
Q

How many alleles can be identified that are different for each person?

A

13

115
Q

How can DNA fingerprinting even be used?

A

everyone has a genetic footprint and unique DNA

116
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

detecting whether an animal is a genetic carrier or not, identifying individuals, predict heterosis

117
Q

How does DNA fingerprinting identifying individuals help?

A

theft recovery and pedigree verification

118
Q

What is the purpose of detecting whether an animal is a genetic carrier?

A

so you can prevent an animal from mating, esp if autosomally passed down

119
Q

What is the purpose of pedigree verification?

A

to tract ancestry and pedigree. check breed composition

120
Q

What is the purpose of predicting heterosis?

A

less related individuals will express greater hybrid vigor in offspring

121
Q

What is a histone?

A

protein that is wound around DNA

122
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

genes can be turned on or off as a result of environmental effects

123
Q

Does epigenetics affect the dominance of genes?

A

no

124
Q

Are epigenetics permanent?

A

no, they are reversible and don’t change your DNA sequence but can change how a body reads a DNA sequence

125
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

the addition of a methyl group on the surface of DNA

126
Q

What does DNA methylation and histone modification do?

A

alters DNA accessibility and chromatin structure. thereby regulating patterns of gene expression

127
Q

What are benefits of genetic engineering?

A

food production and environment, medical issues

128
Q

How does genetic engineering benefit food production and the environment?

A
  • decreased pesticide/herbicide/fertilizers
  • increased yields and productivity
  • increased flavor and longevity
  • increased nutrient content
129
Q

What is an example of increased nutrient content?

A

rice fertilized with vitamin A

130
Q

What are corn borer?

A

insects that attack corn

131
Q

What is BT corn?

A

a genetically modified (GMO) corn that has genome from a bacteria infused into it and when insects feed on the corn they die

132
Q

How does genetic engineering benefit medical issues?

A
  • increased availability of drugs
  • decreased cost of medical supplies
  • decreased costs of hospitalizations
  • custom transplant organs
  • others not yet known
133
Q

What is xenotransplantation?

A

organs from pigs transplanted into humans

134
Q

What are risks and concerns of genetic engineering?

A
  • genetically engineered organisms released into the general population
  • long term effect on humans
  • decrease in biodiversity (it narrows the genetic base)
  • unethical/unlawful use of technology

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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