Female Reproduction Flashcards
What is estrus?
period of receptivity of the female to be bred by the male (‘heat’)
What is ovulation?
the release of an ovum from a follicle
What is follicle?
structure of the ovary that contains the ovum
What is estrous cycle?
all physiological events that occur from one ovulation to the next
What is ovum?
female reproductive cell, egg
What is oviposition?
the process of laying an egg
What is gestation?
pregnancy and development of the fetus
What is incubation?
development of the fetus outside the body
What is parturition?
the birth process
What is a duplex uterus?
two cervixes; animals can have many offspring
What are examples of animals that have a duplex uterus?
rabbits and rats
What is a bicornuate uterus?
has uterine horns (either poorly to moderately developed or highly developed)
What are examples of animals that have a bicornuate uterus with poorly to moderately developed horns?
mare and cow
What are examples of animals that have a bicornuate uterus with well developed horns?
Bitch, Sow, Queen
What is a simplex uterus?
no uterine horns
What are examples of animals with a simplex uterus?
primates
What are the functions of the oviduct?
transportation, site of fertilization, and nutrition
What are the exocrine functions of the uterus?
transport, nutrition, size of gestation
What does the exocrine portion of the ovary do?
ovum productions
What are the parts of the endocrine portion of the ovary?
follicle and corpus luteum
What are the parts of the follicle?
follicular cells and theca interna
What do follicular cells produce (?)?
E2
What does the Theca Interna produce?
Testosterone: T
What is the nickname for E2?
hormone of Estrus
What do corpus luteum produce?
P4
What happens during Proestrus?
formation of ovulating follicles and E2 secretion
What happens during Estrus?
sexual receptivity and peak E2 secretion
What happens during Mestestrus?
CL formation and beginning of P4 secretion
What happens during Diestrus?
sustained luteal secretion of P4 (progesterone)
What are the exocrine functions of the Oviduct?
transportation of sperm, site of fertilization, and nutrition
What are the exocrine functions of the uterus?
transport, nutrition, site of gestation
What are the functions of the cervix?
physical barrier to protect uterus
When does the cervix open?
it opens during the estrus cycle and parturition to allow things to pass through
What are the functions of the vagina?
semen disposition
What animals have to have semen deposited into (?) cervix instead of the vagina?
pig
What does the trophoblast become?
placenta
What does the inner cell mass become?
embryo
What are the functions of the placenta?
exchange of nutrients/waste, exchange of O2/CO2, hydraulic dampener, and parturition
How does the placenta contribute to parturition?
cervical dilation and lubrication
What is a diffuse placental attachment?
placenta made up of villi that cover the whole surface of the chorion
What animals have a diffuse placental attachment?
horse, pig, whale
What is a zonary placental attachment?
a band of tissue surrounding the fetus
What animals have a zonary placental attachment?
cat, dog, seal, bear, and elephant
What diet of animals typically has a zonary placental attachment?
carnivores
What is a cotyledonary placental attachment?
has different points of attachment and is attached to growing embryo
What animals have a cotyledonary placental attachment?
cattle, sheep, goats (ruminants?)
What diet of animals typically has a cotyledonary placental attachment?
ruminants
What is a discoid placental attachment?
on side?, chorion remains smooth
What is dystocia?
difficult birth
What are the causes of dystocia?
birth weight, size of dam, condition of dam, malpresentaion
Do you want the condition of the dam to be below or above 3?
above
What is malpresentation?
when an animal is not facing the right way in the womb or has limbs in wrong direction
What do eggs (bird) have 2 of?
chalaza
How do you tell the difference between a fertilized egg and a non fertilized egg?
fertilized eggs have a blastoderm while unfertilized do not
How do animals born in eggs get nutrients? How is this similar or different to mammals?
everything the fetus needs is in the egg except temperature and oxygen concentration; mammals get nutrients through their mother while a fetus
What are practices of reproductive management?
- castration
- controlled/limited breeding season
- estrous synchronization
- artificial insemination
- pregnancy diagnosis
- embryo transfer/IVF
