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Introduction to Animal Science > Nutrition and Feed Resources > Flashcards

Nutrition and Feed Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body composition of animals on average?

A

60% water, 16% protein, 2-20% fat, 4% ash (carbon, phosphorus, potassium)

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2
Q

What do animals require?

A

water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals

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3
Q

What are the types of nutrient classes?

A

water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals

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4
Q

How much water can an animal lose before death? What animal is the exception?

A

10%; camels

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5
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A

water

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6
Q

How much water can a camel lose before death?

A

up to 25%

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7
Q

How much water can camels intake?

A

more than 100 liters (more than 25 gallons)

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8
Q

What function does water serve for the body?

A

transport, lubrication, cooling (species dependent)

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9
Q

What happens when over 10% of water is lost?

A

heat stroke, high body temp., death

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10
Q

How must water provided to animals be?

A

clean, fresh, available ad libertum, water needs increase at temperatures above 70 F, water intake drops at below 20 F, ideal water temperature is between 45-55 F

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11
Q

Why does water intake drop at lower temperatures?

A

they are retaining the water

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12
Q

What are the major sources of energy?

A

concentrates (for monogastrics) and roughages (for ruminants)

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13
Q

In what form does energy primarily take?

A

carbohydrates and lipids

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14
Q

What is the most limiting nutrient? apart from what?

A

energy; water

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15
Q

Energy chart

A

Gross Energy->(fecal)->Digestive Energy->(urine/gasses)->Metabolic Energy->(heat)->Net Energy->Maintenance->Production

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16
Q

In the energy chart what is maintenance?

A

energy needed to maintain daily physiological activity

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17
Q

In the energy chart what is production?

A

producing milk, eggs, work

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18
Q

How is energy lost in the energy chart?

A

through the production of fecal, gasses, heat, urine

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19
Q

What is used as an energy source or is converted to storage forms?

A

glycogen in muscle and liver, fat

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20
Q

What are fats more energy dense than? By how much?

A

carbohydrates, 2.25

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21
Q

What do ruminants use as their energy source?

A

Volatile fatty acids (NOT sugar): acetate, propionate, butyrate

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22
Q

What are the three feed classes?

A

roughages, concentrates, feed additives

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23
Q

What are roughages high and low in?

A

high in fiber, low in energy

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24
Q

What is a crude protein?

A

the amount of protein of animal feed or specific food

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25
Q

What are the two types of roughages? How much crude protein do they have?

A

Carbonaceous (less than 10%), Proteinaceous (more than 15%)

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26
Q

What is the importance of roughages?

A

feed microbes, maintain gastrointestinal tract (GIT), influence rate of passages

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27
Q

What are proteinaceous?

A

legumes

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28
Q

What are examples of proteinaceous?

A

alfalfa and clover

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29
Q

What are proteinaceous in a symbiotic relationship with? What does it do?

A

rhizobium spp.; fix nitrogen

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30
Q

What are carbonaceous?

A

grasses

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31
Q

What are examples of carbonaceous?

A

Bermuda, fescue, orchardgrass, timothy, crop residue

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32
Q

____passes through the gut faster than ____.

A

pelleted foods; fibrous feedstuffs

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33
Q

Concentrates are high in what and low in what?

A

high in energy, low in fiber

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34
Q

What are the two energy sources of concentrates?

A

plant sources (seeds/tubers), high variation energy grains

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35
Q

How much crude protein does protein in concentrates have?

A

35-90%

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36
Q

What are examples of animal sources of proteins in concentrates?

A

eggs, insects, fish meal, blood meal

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37
Q

What are the two types of protein sources in concentrates?

A

animals and plants

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38
Q

What are the plant sources of protein in concentrates?

A

oil seeds, nuts, sunflower seeds, corn, soybean

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39
Q

What is the number 1 source of plant protein?

A

soybeans

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40
Q

Concentrates: increasing processing=___________

A

increasing digestability

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41
Q

Roughages: increasing processing=____________

A

increasing digestibility

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42
Q

What are benefits of processing concentrates?

A

break seed coats (expose nutrient rich endosperm), increase surface area (increase chemical/fermentation)

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43
Q

What are the negatives of processing concentrates?

A

increase rate of passage

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44
Q

What are the benefits of processing roughages?

A

increase surface area (increase fermentation)

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45
Q

What are the negatives of processing roughages?

A

increase rate of passage, increase rate of passage of any concentrates, loss of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) integrity- colic

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46
Q

What is colic?

A

stomach/intestine muscle that allows free passage gets paralyzed and results in blockage

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47
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

amino acids

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48
Q

What elements does protein contain?

A

C, H, O, N, and S

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49
Q

What is the N content in proteins on average?

A

16%

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50
Q

How many amino acids are in animal proteins

A

20

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51
Q

What do proteins do?

A

contain the essential amino acids needed

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52
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

a nutrient the body cannot synthesize itself

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53
Q

What can’t happen without amino acids?

A

growth

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54
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

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55
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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56
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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57
Q

What do the codons do?

A

they combine and make the different types of amino acids

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58
Q

What are the 20 amino acids?

A

Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine

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59
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine

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60
Q

What are the 2 types of plant concentrate protein sources?

A

soybean meal, cottonseed meal

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61
Q

What plant source used most as a source of amino acids?

A

soybeans

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62
Q

What is the crude protein concentration on soybean meal?

A

44 or 49%

63
Q

How is soybean meal made?

A

soybeans are heated to 60 C and then are dried and crushed to extract the oil, the oil-less beans are then toasted

64
Q

What negative thing does soybean meal contain?

A

antinutritional factor called Trypsin Inhibitor

65
Q

What is the trypsin inhibitor?

A

inhibitor binds to the digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestines, and prevents it from producing pepsin

66
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

secreted by stomach wall and is converted into pepsin enzyme

67
Q

What is chymotrypsin?

A

a digestive enzyme that breaks down protein in the small intestine

68
Q

Once processed, soybeans are ________.

A

highly digestible; processing removes the trypsin inhibitor

69
Q

What crude protein concentration does cottonseed meal have?

A

44%

70
Q

What negative thing does cottonseed meal have?

A

an antinutritional factor called Gossypol

71
Q

What is gossypol?

A

is poisonous and can negatively affect the animal

72
Q

How is gossypol removed?

A

removed from cottonseed meal through solvent extraction

73
Q

What happens if the crude protein of cottonseed meal goes beyond the acceptable level?

A

poultry can produce brown yolks

74
Q

What are the 3 types of animal protein sources?

A

bloodmeal, fishmeal, and meat meal

75
Q

How is bloodmeal produced?

A

blood from slaughterhouses is collected and then boiled and salted

76
Q

What is the crude protein of bloodmeal?

A

up to 80%

77
Q

Can a lot of bloodmeal be fed?

A

not, it can result in the animal having diarrhea

78
Q

What is the crude protein of fishmeal?

A

up to 75%

79
Q

How is fishmeal produced?

A

fish cooked and ground up

80
Q

What does fishmeal contain?

A

essential amino acids

81
Q

What is the crude protein of meat meal?

A

depends on the part of the animal and how much meat was used

82
Q

What does the USDA limit in terms of protein sources?

A

the amount of animal protein sources that can be fed to animals

83
Q

What is an example of the USDA limiting protein sources?

A

fishmeal cannot be more than 5% of poultry’s diet because it makes eggs taste and smell fishy

84
Q

Are animal protein sources cheap or expensive?

A

expensive

85
Q

What are the 2 types of feed additives?

A

nutrient and non-nutrient

86
Q

Why are nutrient feed additives important?

A

it is essential for life support

87
Q

What are non-nutrient feed additives?

A

alters metabolism to make benefit more from nutrients animal receives, affects bacteria in rumen

88
Q

What are the types of nutrient feed additives?

A

minerals and vitamins

89
Q

What are the two types of minerals?

A

macrominerals and microminerals

90
Q

What are macrominerals?

A

minerals needed in some large quantity in comparison to others

91
Q

What are microminerals?

A

minerals needed in very small quantity but are still important, if amount needed is succeeded it can become a problem

92
Q

What are the 7 types of macromolecules?

A

sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sulphur

93
Q

What are the 11 types of micromolecules?

A

iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, cobalt, molybdenum, boron, manganese

94
Q

Why is calcium important?

A

bone, teeth, nerve and muscle function

95
Q

Calcium to ______ ration needs to be kept.

A

Phosphorus

96
Q

What is the purpose of lick blocks?

A

gets them minerals

97
Q

Why are sodium (Na), potassium (K), and Chlorine (Cl) important?

A

osmotic balance (osmosis), nerve function, muscle function

98
Q

What does hypertensive mean?

A

too much sodium intake, high blood pressure

99
Q

What is goiter?

A

enlargement of thyroid gland caused by iodine deficiency

100
Q

Why is iodine important?

A

ensures regularity of thyroid gland’s production of T3 and T4

101
Q

What is T3?

A

triiodothyronine

102
Q

What is T4?

A

thyroxine

103
Q

What happens when there is an iron deficiency?

A

oxygen transport is negatively affected- anemia

104
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

a protein in red blood cells that carried oxygen

105
Q

How much of the human population has an iron deficiency?

A

half

106
Q

What are the two types of vitamins?

A

Fat-soluble and water-soluble

107
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

108
Q

What vitamins are water soluble?

A

C, B-Complex

109
Q

Why is Vitamin D important for bone formation?

A

it allows the utilization of your calcium, important for calcium metabolism

110
Q

What does Vitamin A help with?

A

cell growth

111
Q

What does Vitamin D help with?

A

bone formation

112
Q

What does Vitamin E help with?

A

red blood cell

113
Q

What does vitamin K help with?

A

clotting factors

114
Q

Which type of vitamins can be stores?

A

fat-soluble

115
Q

What do B-Complex vitamins do?

A

many functions, metabolism

116
Q

What are the types of B-complex Vitamins?

A

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, B6, B12, Folic Acid, Biotin, Choline

117
Q

What does Vitamin C do?

A

it is an antioxidant

118
Q

What is an antioxidant?

A

prevents oxidation in the body> reduces inflammation in the body

119
Q

What is scurvy?

A

vitamin C deficiency

120
Q

What are symptoms of scurvy?

A

loosened teeth, weak bones, hemorrhaging (loss of blood from damaged vessels), and swollen, bleeding, ulcerated gums

121
Q

Is energy taken from proteins?

A

it can be but it is not as efficient as carbohydrates and lipids

122
Q

What is the main purpose of protein in the diet?

A

providing amino acids

123
Q

How does water contribute to lubrication?

A

lubricates joints of the body

124
Q

How does water contribute to transportation?

A

nutrients around the body, blood contains water

125
Q

What happens to blood when the body becomes dehydrated?

A

blood thickens

126
Q

How does water contribute to cooling?

A

sweating, reduce body heat

127
Q

What is the relative energy value of sorghum (milo) compared to corn?

A

95%

128
Q

What is the relative energy value of barley compared to corn?

A

90%

129
Q

What is the relative energy value of oats compared to corn?

A

80%

130
Q

What is the relative energy of wheat compared to corn?

A

105%

131
Q

What do amino acids form in the body?

A

muscles, tendons, ligaments, connective tissue

132
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

builds muscle and contains essential amino acids the body needs

133
Q

What is a polypeptide chain?

A

different amino acids lay side by side

134
Q

What happens if a nerve is damaged?

A

can stop signals to and from the brain, causing muscles not to work properly, and a loss of feeling in the injured area.

135
Q

What is added to salt? Why?

A

iodine, to prevent iodine deficiency

136
Q

What changes affect the nutrient requirement in animals?

A

changes in environment and physical

137
Q

What are examples of physical changes that affect energy required?

A

weight/size, stage of production, level of production, work, age

138
Q

What are examples of environmental changes that affect energy required?

A

climate, physical activity, diseases and parasites

139
Q

What are examples of non-nutrient additives?

A

ionophores, coccidiostats, sub-therapeutic antibodies, growth promoting agents, yeast cultures, enzymes

140
Q

What do ionophores do? What animals are they fed to?

A

allows animal to produce more propionic acid; increase efficiency, shift irons to produce more propionate instead of acetate (used in cattle)

141
Q

What do coccidiostats do?

A

anti-protozoa, prevents protozoa from reproducing in body of animal

142
Q

What are sub-therapeutic antibodies used for?

A

increase feed efficiency; used routinely in animal feed and are kept in low concentration because it’s more profitable giving it to the animal instead of having the animal produce it itself

143
Q

What are growth promoting agents used for?

A

improve feed utilizations and growth of animals

144
Q

What are examples of growth promoting agents?

A

Flavophospholipol and virginiamycin

145
Q

What are yeast cultures used for?

A

treat rumen microbial dysbiosis

146
Q

What is rumen microbial dysbiosis?

A

unbalanced microbial community

147
Q

What are enzymes used for as non-nutrient additives?

A

cellulose, B-glucanase; break down fibrous feeds

148
Q

What are examples of Ionophores?

A

monensin and rumensin

149
Q

What other approaches are there to altering microflora?

A

new “antibiotics/compounds” being developed and tested; eliminate antibiotic resistant bacteria through CRISPER-Cas9 (gene editing)

150
Q

What are 5 examples from lab of proteins?

A

bloodmeal, cottonseed meal. soybean meal, feather meal, flaxseed meal

151
Q

What are 5 examples from lab of energy?

A

Rye, oats, wheat, corn, dried brewing grain

152
Q

Do monogastric digest fiber well?

A

no

153
Q

Do non-ruminant herbivores digest fiber well?

A

yes

154
Q

Do ruminant herbivores digest fiber well?

A

yes

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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