Exam Questions Review Flashcards
Among the seven criteria for domestication, which has been the most important for successful domestication?
social hierarchy
What are the selective antibiotics used to alter the microflora composition of the rumen?
Ionophore
What is a chemical substance absorbed from the digestive tract that is required to maintain physiological functions?
nutrient
What is the effect of increasing the degree of processing on the gross energy of corn?
gross energy will not change because corn’s cannot be changed
What is the effect of increasing the degree of processing on the digestible energy of corn?
gross energy will increase because it makes it more available
What are the primary sources of energy loss in digestive system?
fecal, urine/gas, heat
What are the physical factors that affect nutrient requirements in animals?
weight/size, stage of production, level of production, work, age
What are the environmental factors that affect nutrient requirements in animals?
climate, physical activity, diseases/parasites
Why is water the most important nutrient?
- transports nutrients around the body
- lubricates joints
- cools the body of some animals
- when more than 10% of body’s water is lost death occurs
Why are non-ruminant herbivores more efficient?
ruminants have chambered stomach and have to produce volatile fatty acids as a main energy. Non-ruminants do not need to produce VFAs and have a simple stomach
What are the 20 amino acids?
Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine
What do animals require?
water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals
What species is self domesticated?
dogs and cats
What are the macrominerals?
sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sulphur
What are the microminerals?
iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluorine, cobalt. molybdenum, boron, manganese
What is alfalfa classified as?
a legume
What relationship does alfalfa have with bacteria?
symbiotic
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamin a, d, e, k
What are the water soluble vitamins?
b-complex vitamins and c
Where do non ruminant herbivores get energy?
simple sugars and VFAs
What is the cecum of non-ruminant herbivores life?
enlarged
What are the criteria for domestication?
diet, growth rate, breed in captivity, disposition, less likely to panic, size, social hierarchy
ruminant pathway of feed
mouth-esophagus-rumen-reticulum-omasum-abomasum-SI-LI
modified monogastric pathway of feed
esophagus-crop-proventriculus-gizzard-SI-Ceca-LI-Cloaca
non ruminant pathway of feed
mouth-esophagus-stomach-SI-Cecum-distal LI
Why is animal science important?
meat, milk, eggs, feathers, leathers, fiber, draft, fuel, companionship, biomedical research, stabilizers of food economy, soil conservation and enhancement
What is the source of metabolic energy found in bloodstream of ruminant?
Volatile Fatty Acids
What are 5 protein sources of concentrates?
flaxseed meal, cottonseed meal, bloodmeal, feather meal, soybean meal
What are 5 energy sources of concentrates?
dried brewing grain, corn, oats, rye, wheat
What are the parts of the ruminant stomach?
reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
What do ionophores do?
increase the production of propionate instead of acetate by shifting the iron. This increases ATP production
Goat gestation length
150 days
Bovine estrus length
12 hours
Equine estrus length
5-7 days
Canine estrus length
4-14 days
What is any compound that stimulates an immune response?
vaccine
What is proestrus associated with?
ovulation, high levels of estrogen, the presence of mature follicles
Why is a buffer utilized in cryopreservation of sperm?
to maintain osmotic pressure and regulate changes in pH
What are features of myotonic goats?
congenital myotonia, autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, incomplete penetrance
What are benefits of genetic engineering in terms of medical issues?
increased availability of drugs, decreased cost of medical supplies, decreased cost of hospitalizations, custom transplant organs
What are risks and concerns of genetic engineering?
decrease in biodiversity, long term effect on humans, release of genetically engineered organisms into general populations, unethical use of technology
Do avians have fully functional ovary?
only the left
What is the function of the ovary?
exocrine- ovum production
endocrine-follicles (follicular cells produce estrogen, theca interna produces testosterone), corpus luteum (produces progesterone)
What are uses of DNA fingerprinting?
- pedigree verification, track animal ancestry
- whether an animal contains a genetic disease so that the spread can be stopped
- determine how closely related two animals are so less closely related ones can be bred
Why do sheep not have 2 gestations a year despite being capable?
seasonal and lactation inhibition of estrous
Differences between goats and sheep?
- goats have hair and sheep have wool
- goat tail is up and sheep tail is down and docked
- goat have continuous upper lip and sheep have separate lobes
- goats have narrow curved horns and sheep have broad curling horns
- goats have 60 chromosomes and sheep have 54
- goats eat horizontal and vertical and wide variety of things while sheep eat horizontally close to ground
Why were sheep the earliest to be domesticated?
small size, highly gregarious, ease of handling, adapted to a variety of climates, variety of products (meat, milk, wool, leather, lanolin)
What component of wool fiber is responsible for dye absorption?
cortex
What hypodermic administrations result in fastest route to circulatory system?
interveinous
What is the reproductive part in female responsible for exchange of gas and nutrients between mother and developing fetus?
placenta
What type of animal is responsible for production of mohair?
angora goat
What is the increase in offspring performance over the average of parents called?
heterosis
What is mating more closely related than average of population called?
inbreeding
What is fertilization in test tube to improve efficiency of reproduction called?
in vitro fertilization
What is the mammalian reproductive organ that connects epididymis to the urethra?
ductus deferens
What factors influence the quality of wool?
diameter of wool, color of wool, number of crimps per inch, break points in wool, length of staple
What are the causes of dystocia?
birth weight, size of dam, condition of dam, malpresentation
What is the function of the epididymis?
sperm storage
What does active immunization include?
antibodies
What are meat breeds of sheep?
suffolk, hampshire, southdown
What led to a decline in sheep production?
higher feed and energy cost, continuous losses to predation, competition from imports, lower consumption
What are the benefits of genetic engineering in terms of food production?
- decrease pesticide and herbicide use
- increase yield and productivity
- increase flavor and longevity
- increase nutrient content
What is normal presentation of a calf?
head towards opening and front feet near head
Why is Holstein the most widely used dairy breed?
produce the most milk
What is it called when you combine the desirable characteristics from two or more breeds?
breed complementarity
What is the common name for the carpus in a horse?
the knee
What are characteristics of meat?
source of complete protein, contain all essential amino acids, have sufficient levels of B complex vitamins, have saturated fatty acids
What is characteristic of the nerves associated with animal vision being classified as dichromic?
regulate light entering the eye, found in higher numbers in animals compared to humans, located in horizontal plane in animals
Composite beef breeds?
Barazona, Santa Gertrudis, Brangus, Simbrah
Companies involved in processing beef meat?
Tyson, Cargill, JBS, National Beef
What features of horses enhance stability?
semi flexible spine, fusion of radius/ulna, fusion of tibia/fibula
What livestock are used for dairy other than cattle?
goat, sheep, donkey, llama, camel
Why is pasteurization important?
kill bacteria and increase shelf life
What is the process of pasteurization?
Apply 160 F heat up to 15 seconds to kill bacteria
What are 3 anatomical features that make horses effective cursorial animals?
increased oxygen capacity due to spleen and head anatomy, elevated limb length increases vision and stride length, short gastrointestinal tract allowing feed to pass through them faster
What is the process of lactation from alveolus to exit?
The alveolus produces the milk. It goes to the mammary duct and is stored in the gland cistern. When there is stimulation , oxytocin is released. This causes milk to go into the teat cistern. Milk leaves out of the streak canal. Furstenberg’s Rosette prevents bacteria from entering.
Why is livestock identification important?
identify animal if lost or stolen, track health of animal, keep track of animal’s origin if sold, keep record of parents and offspring
5 permanent identification methods and what livestock used for
- ear notching (pigs)
- ear tagging (cattle, sheep, pig)
- freeze branding (cattle)
- tattooing (cattle, pigs, sheep)
- microchipping (cattle, sheep, pigs)
Describe freeze branding
Metal brands are put in liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes. They are pressed on the cow’s shaved hide for at least 45 seconds. It takes longer depending on the color of the hide. The fur grows back white.
Why is freeze branding preferred to hot branding?
Freeze branding is not as damaging to the skin. Hot branding scars and damages the skin.
Why American milk consumption plummeted in the 1950s to present day?
increase in veganism, increase in lactose intolerance, increase in milk substitutes
What are slaughter cattle carcasses graded by?
quality grade and yield grade
What determines quality grade in beef?
age of cow when slaughtered and intramuscular fat level
What cattle operation focuses on producing one calf a year?
commercial cow/calf
What cattle operation specializes in adding weight to weaned calves prior to the feedlot?
stocker
What beef cattle operation has the sole objective of increasing the intramuscular fat of the animal while influencing taste and color of fat?
feedlot
What is the amount of meat carcass contained?
yield qrade
What is the graphical plot of milk yield versus lactation period in lactating animal?
lactation curve
What is reducing the size of fat globules in milk into miniscule portions that are dispersed evenly throughout milk called?
homogenization
What is the naturally occurring hormone in cow and also a major regulator of milk production?
Bovine somatotropin, BST
What type of horse is derived from cross of coldblooded and hotblooded horse?
warmblood
What are the top 5 leading states in milk production?
California, Wisconsin, Idaho, New York, Pennsylvania
What are the parts of beef infrastructure?
seedstock, commercial cow/calf, stocker, feedlot, packers
What does increasing the limb length of a horse do?
increase stride length, increase speed of an animal, raise the center of gravity, increase the weight of the limb
What anatomical components does the accommodation of vision directly involve?
lens
What are challenges faced by the beef industry?
- technology challenges
- small producers
- genotype x environment interaction
- conflicting traits within sectors
What are some hereditary diseases in horses?
severe combined immunodeficiency, Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, lethal white overo syndrome
5 Dairy breeds?
Brown Swiss, Holstein, Jersey, Aryshire, Guernsey
5 Beef breeds?
Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn, Beefalo, Brahman
How do spleens help horses during races?
horses have a large spleen which stores and releases red blood cells. When it contracts it releases red blood cells and allows for the horses to keep continuous speed for long distances while racing as enough oxygen is being supplied to blood.
What organ does male sperm storage?
epidymis
What organ does female sperm storage?
infundibulum
What is genetically modified to digest phytate?
enviropig
What is the stage in the life cycle where pigs are fed to market weight?
finishing stage
What is the number of eggs laid by a hen before they pause for a few days called?
clutch size
What does molting improve?
egg laying rate, albumin height
What are the size/weight class of eggs?
jumbo, xl, large, peewee, small
Turkey latin?
Meleagris Gallopavo
What are the leading pork producing countries?
China, EU, Canada
What are the differences in swine and beef cycle?
- beef age to puberty (8-12 mo) pork age to puberty (5-6 mo)
- beef gestation (285 d) pork (114 d)
- market age beef (14-16 mo), Pork (150 d)
- beef 1 offspring per litter pork 10
- beef 1 gestation a year, pork 2.5
Why can’t you get 100% egg production on any given day?
take 25-26 hours to produce an egg
What are the steps of swine production?
breeding, farrowing, weaning, nursery, grower, finisher
what is vertical integration?
when a company owns every section of production
What are pork companies?
Pilgrim’s Pride, Tyson Farms
Why are wild swine a menace?
They were brought over in 1500s by DeSoto and in the 1900s. They cause destruction by digging up plants and disrupt the rivers by digging in mud.
Zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted by wild pigs?
E. Coli, Salmonella, Rabies, Toxoplasmosis, Salmonellosis
How can wild pigs be controlled?
hunting, capture and release
What are paternal breeds?
Duroc, Hampshire, Poland China, Berkshire, Spots
What are maternal breeds?
Chester White, Landrace, Yorkshire, Spots, Fenhjing, Meishan
What are two ways to sex chicks?
Wing feathers, if same length they are same height are male and if different length are female.
vent anatomy, if bump male and if no bump female.
What are the 3 housing systems?
conventional battery cages, enriched colony, aviary
What are the pros and cons of conventional battery system?
pro- lowest mortality rate, slanted floors to separate birds from feces
con-small cages so birds can’t act naturally
What are the pros and cons of enriched colony?
pro- bigger cages so birds can act naturally, wire mesh floor
cons- caged
What are pros and cons of aviary?
pros- no cages so birds can act naturally, open space indoors
cons- highest mortality rate, in contact with feces, spread of bacteria
What is the life system of a broiler where all birds are raised and disposed of at the same time?
all in all out
What is the strong light to check if an egg is fertile or has cracks?
candling
What is the system of swine production where pigs are kept indoors throughout the life cycle?
total confinement
What is the number of gestations for sow over 2 year period?
5
How is forced molting achieved?
depriving birds of feed, reducing hours of light
What are chicken breeds?
white leghorn, barred plymouth rock, white cornish, rhode island red
What is the national leader in quail production?
GA
What are characteristics of the swine flu?
due to mutation of virus, due to antigenic drift, and contains component of human and avian virus
What are the top 3 leading states in broiler production?
Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas
Top 3 laying chicken states?
Iowa, Indiana Ohio
Is the epididymis part of the female reproductive tract?
no
What is an increasing source of salmonella?
Backyard poultry
How long is egg spent in infundibulum?
30 minutes
How long is egg spent in magnum?
2- 3 hours
How long is egg spent in isthmus?
1.5 hours
How long is egg spent in uterus?
18-20 hours
