Exam Questions Review Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Among the seven criteria for domestication, which has been the most important for successful domestication?
A
social hierarchy
2
Q
What are the selective antibiotics used to alter the microflora composition of the rumen?
A
Ionophore
3
Q
What is a chemical substance absorbed from the digestive tract that is required to maintain physiological functions?
A
nutrient
4
Q
What is the effect of increasing the degree of processing on the gross energy of corn?
A
gross energy will not change because corn’s cannot be changed
5
Q
What is the effect of increasing the degree of processing on the digestible energy of corn?
A
gross energy will increase because it makes it more available
6
Q
What are the primary sources of energy loss in digestive system?
A
fecal, urine/gas, heat
7
Q
What are the physical factors that affect nutrient requirements in animals?
A
weight/size, stage of production, level of production, work, age
8
Q
What are the environmental factors that affect nutrient requirements in animals?
A
climate, physical activity, diseases/parasites
9
Q
Why is water the most important nutrient?
A
- transports nutrients around the body
- lubricates joints
- cools the body of some animals
- when more than 10% of body’s water is lost death occurs
10
Q
Why are non-ruminant herbivores more efficient?
A
ruminants have chambered stomach and have to produce volatile fatty acids as a main energy. Non-ruminants do not need to produce VFAs and have a simple stomach
11
Q
What are the 20 amino acids?
A
Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine
12
Q
What do animals require?
A
water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals
13
Q
What species is self domesticated?
A
dogs and cats
14
Q
What are the macrominerals?
A
sodium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sulphur
15
Q
What are the microminerals?
A
iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluorine, cobalt. molybdenum, boron, manganese
16
Q
What is alfalfa classified as?
A
a legume
17
Q
What relationship does alfalfa have with bacteria?
A
symbiotic
18
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A
vitamin a, d, e, k
19
Q
What are the water soluble vitamins?
A
b-complex vitamins and c
20
Q
Where do non ruminant herbivores get energy?
A
simple sugars and VFAs
21
Q
What is the cecum of non-ruminant herbivores life?
A
enlarged
22
Q
What are the criteria for domestication?
A
diet, growth rate, breed in captivity, disposition, less likely to panic, size, social hierarchy
23
Q
ruminant pathway of feed
A
mouth-esophagus-rumen-reticulum-omasum-abomasum-SI-LI
24
Q
modified monogastric pathway of feed
A
esophagus-crop-proventriculus-gizzard-SI-Ceca-LI-Cloaca
25
non ruminant pathway of feed
mouth-esophagus-stomach-SI-Cecum-distal LI
26
Why is animal science important?
meat, milk, eggs, feathers, leathers, fiber, draft, fuel, companionship, biomedical research, stabilizers of food economy, soil conservation and enhancement
27
What is the source of metabolic energy found in bloodstream of ruminant?
Volatile Fatty Acids
28
What are 5 protein sources of concentrates?
flaxseed meal, cottonseed meal, bloodmeal, feather meal, soybean meal
29
What are 5 energy sources of concentrates?
dried brewing grain, corn, oats, rye, wheat
30
What are the parts of the ruminant stomach?
reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
31
What do ionophores do?
increase the production of propionate instead of acetate by shifting the iron. This increases ATP production
32
Goat gestation length
150 days
33
Bovine estrus length
12 hours
34
Equine estrus length
5-7 days
35
Canine estrus length
4-14 days
36
What is any compound that stimulates an immune response?
vaccine
37
What is proestrus associated with?
ovulation, high levels of estrogen, the presence of mature follicles
38
Why is a buffer utilized in cryopreservation of sperm?
to maintain osmotic pressure and regulate changes in pH
39
What are features of myotonic goats?
congenital myotonia, autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, incomplete penetrance
40
What are benefits of genetic engineering in terms of medical issues?
increased availability of drugs, decreased cost of medical supplies, decreased cost of hospitalizations, custom transplant organs
41
What are risks and concerns of genetic engineering?
decrease in biodiversity, long term effect on humans, release of genetically engineered organisms into general populations, unethical use of technology
42
Do avians have fully functional ovary?
only the left
43
What is the function of the ovary?
exocrine- ovum production
endocrine-follicles (follicular cells produce estrogen, theca interna produces testosterone), corpus luteum (produces progesterone)
44
What are uses of DNA fingerprinting?
- pedigree verification, track animal ancestry
- whether an animal contains a genetic disease so that the spread can be stopped
- determine how closely related two animals are so less closely related ones can be bred
45
Why do sheep not have 2 gestations a year despite being capable?
seasonal and lactation inhibition of estrous
46
Differences between goats and sheep?
- goats have hair and sheep have wool
- goat tail is up and sheep tail is down and docked
- goat have continuous upper lip and sheep have separate lobes
- goats have narrow curved horns and sheep have broad curling horns
- goats have 60 chromosomes and sheep have 54
- goats eat horizontal and vertical and wide variety of things while sheep eat horizontally close to ground
47
Why were sheep the earliest to be domesticated?
small size, highly gregarious, ease of handling, adapted to a variety of climates, variety of products (meat, milk, wool, leather, lanolin)
48
What component of wool fiber is responsible for dye absorption?
cortex
49
What hypodermic administrations result in fastest route to circulatory system?
interveinous
50
What is the reproductive part in female responsible for exchange of gas and nutrients between mother and developing fetus?
placenta
51
What type of animal is responsible for production of mohair?
angora goat
52
What is the increase in offspring performance over the average of parents called?
heterosis
53
What is mating more closely related than average of population called?
inbreeding
54
What is fertilization in test tube to improve efficiency of reproduction called?
in vitro fertilization
55
What is the mammalian reproductive organ that connects epididymis to the urethra?
ductus deferens
56
What factors influence the quality of wool?
diameter of wool, color of wool, number of crimps per inch, break points in wool, length of staple
57
What are the causes of dystocia?
birth weight, size of dam, condition of dam, malpresentation
58
What is the function of the epididymis?
sperm storage
59
What does active immunization include?
antibodies
60
What are meat breeds of sheep?
suffolk, hampshire, southdown
61
What led to a decline in sheep production?
higher feed and energy cost, continuous losses to predation, competition from imports, lower consumption
62
What are the benefits of genetic engineering in terms of food production?
- decrease pesticide and herbicide use
- increase yield and productivity
- increase flavor and longevity
- increase nutrient content
63
What is normal presentation of a calf?
head towards opening and front feet near head
64
Why is Holstein the most widely used dairy breed?
produce the most milk
65
What is it called when you combine the desirable characteristics from two or more breeds?
breed complementarity
66
What is the common name for the carpus in a horse?
the knee
67
What are characteristics of meat?
source of complete protein, contain all essential amino acids, have sufficient levels of B complex vitamins, have saturated fatty acids
68
What is characteristic of the nerves associated with animal vision being classified as dichromic?
regulate light entering the eye, found in higher numbers in animals compared to humans, located in horizontal plane in animals
69
Composite beef breeds?
Barazona, Santa Gertrudis, Brangus, Simbrah
70
Companies involved in processing beef meat?
Tyson, Cargill, JBS, National Beef
71
What features of horses enhance stability?
semi flexible spine, fusion of radius/ulna, fusion of tibia/fibula
72
What livestock are used for dairy other than cattle?
goat, sheep, donkey, llama, camel
73
Why is pasteurization important?
kill bacteria and increase shelf life
74
What is the process of pasteurization?
Apply 160 F heat up to 15 seconds to kill bacteria
75
What are 3 anatomical features that make horses effective cursorial animals?
increased oxygen capacity due to spleen and head anatomy, elevated limb length increases vision and stride length, short gastrointestinal tract allowing feed to pass through them faster
76
What is the process of lactation from alveolus to exit?
The alveolus produces the milk. It goes to the mammary duct and is stored in the gland cistern. When there is stimulation , oxytocin is released. This causes milk to go into the teat cistern. Milk leaves out of the streak canal. Furstenberg's Rosette prevents bacteria from entering.
77
Why is livestock identification important?
identify animal if lost or stolen, track health of animal, keep track of animal's origin if sold, keep record of parents and offspring
78
5 permanent identification methods and what livestock used for
- ear notching (pigs)
- ear tagging (cattle, sheep, pig)
- freeze branding (cattle)
- tattooing (cattle, pigs, sheep)
- microchipping (cattle, sheep, pigs)
79
Describe freeze branding
Metal brands are put in liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes. They are pressed on the cow's shaved hide for at least 45 seconds. It takes longer depending on the color of the hide. The fur grows back white.
80
Why is freeze branding preferred to hot branding?
Freeze branding is not as damaging to the skin. Hot branding scars and damages the skin.
81
Why American milk consumption plummeted in the 1950s to present day?
increase in veganism, increase in lactose intolerance, increase in milk substitutes
82
What are slaughter cattle carcasses graded by?
quality grade and yield grade
83
What determines quality grade in beef?
age of cow when slaughtered and intramuscular fat level
84
What cattle operation focuses on producing one calf a year?
commercial cow/calf
85
What cattle operation specializes in adding weight to weaned calves prior to the feedlot?
stocker
86
What beef cattle operation has the sole objective of increasing the intramuscular fat of the animal while influencing taste and color of fat?
feedlot
87
What is the amount of meat carcass contained?
yield qrade
88
What is the graphical plot of milk yield versus lactation period in lactating animal?
lactation curve
89
What is reducing the size of fat globules in milk into miniscule portions that are dispersed evenly throughout milk called?
homogenization
90
What is the naturally occurring hormone in cow and also a major regulator of milk production?
Bovine somatotropin, BST
91
What type of horse is derived from cross of coldblooded and hotblooded horse?
warmblood
92
What are the top 5 leading states in milk production?
California, Wisconsin, Idaho, New York, Pennsylvania
93
What are the parts of beef infrastructure?
seedstock, commercial cow/calf, stocker, feedlot, packers
94
What does increasing the limb length of a horse do?
increase stride length, increase speed of an animal, raise the center of gravity, increase the weight of the limb
95
What anatomical components does the accommodation of vision directly involve?
lens
96
What are challenges faced by the beef industry?
- technology challenges
- small producers
- genotype x environment interaction
- conflicting traits within sectors
97
What are some hereditary diseases in horses?
severe combined immunodeficiency, Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, lethal white overo syndrome
98
5 Dairy breeds?
Brown Swiss, Holstein, Jersey, Aryshire, Guernsey
99
5 Beef breeds?
Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn, Beefalo, Brahman
100
How do spleens help horses during races?
horses have a large spleen which stores and releases red blood cells. When it contracts it releases red blood cells and allows for the horses to keep continuous speed for long distances while racing as enough oxygen is being supplied to blood.
101
What organ does male sperm storage?
epidymis
102
What organ does female sperm storage?
infundibulum
103
What is genetically modified to digest phytate?
enviropig
104
What is the stage in the life cycle where pigs are fed to market weight?
finishing stage
105
What is the number of eggs laid by a hen before they pause for a few days called?
clutch size
106
What does molting improve?
egg laying rate, albumin height
107
What are the size/weight class of eggs?
jumbo, xl, large, peewee, small
108
Turkey latin?
Meleagris Gallopavo
109
What are the leading pork producing countries?
China, EU, Canada
110
What are the differences in swine and beef cycle?
- beef age to puberty (8-12 mo) pork age to puberty (5-6 mo)
- beef gestation (285 d) pork (114 d)
- market age beef (14-16 mo), Pork (150 d)
- beef 1 offspring per litter pork 10
- beef 1 gestation a year, pork 2.5
111
Why can't you get 100% egg production on any given day?
take 25-26 hours to produce an egg
112
What are the steps of swine production?
breeding, farrowing, weaning, nursery, grower, finisher
113
what is vertical integration?
when a company owns every section of production
114
What are pork companies?
Pilgrim's Pride, Tyson Farms
115
Why are wild swine a menace?
They were brought over in 1500s by DeSoto and in the 1900s. They cause destruction by digging up plants and disrupt the rivers by digging in mud.
116
Zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted by wild pigs?
E. Coli, Salmonella, Rabies, Toxoplasmosis, Salmonellosis
117
How can wild pigs be controlled?
hunting, capture and release
118
What are paternal breeds?
Duroc, Hampshire, Poland China, Berkshire, Spots
119
What are maternal breeds?
Chester White, Landrace, Yorkshire, Spots, Fenhjing, Meishan
120
What are two ways to sex chicks?
Wing feathers, if same length they are same height are male and if different length are female.
vent anatomy, if bump male and if no bump female.
121
What are the 3 housing systems?
conventional battery cages, enriched colony, aviary
122
What are the pros and cons of conventional battery system?
pro- lowest mortality rate, slanted floors to separate birds from feces
con-small cages so birds can't act naturally
123
What are the pros and cons of enriched colony?
pro- bigger cages so birds can act naturally, wire mesh floor
cons- caged
124
What are pros and cons of aviary?
pros- no cages so birds can act naturally, open space indoors
cons- highest mortality rate, in contact with feces, spread of bacteria
125
What is the life system of a broiler where all birds are raised and disposed of at the same time?
all in all out
126
What is the strong light to check if an egg is fertile or has cracks?
candling
127
What is the system of swine production where pigs are kept indoors throughout the life cycle?
total confinement
128
What is the number of gestations for sow over 2 year period?
5
129
How is forced molting achieved?
depriving birds of feed, reducing hours of light
130
What are chicken breeds?
white leghorn, barred plymouth rock, white cornish, rhode island red
131
What is the national leader in quail production?
GA
132
What are characteristics of the swine flu?
due to mutation of virus, due to antigenic drift, and contains component of human and avian virus
133
What are the top 3 leading states in broiler production?
Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas
134
Top 3 laying chicken states?
Iowa, Indiana Ohio
135
Is the epididymis part of the female reproductive tract?
no
136
What is an increasing source of salmonella?
Backyard poultry
137
How long is egg spent in infundibulum?
30 minutes
138
How long is egg spent in magnum?
2- 3 hours
139
How long is egg spent in isthmus?
1.5 hours
140
How long is egg spent in uterus?
18-20 hours
