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Introduction to Animal Science > Nutrition and Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Nutrition and Digestive Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

summation of ingested compounds that maintain physiological functions

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

reduction in particle size to the point of being soluble (absorbed)

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3
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

chemical substance absorbed from digestive tract, required to maintain physiological function

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4
Q

What is diet?

A

what is digested

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5
Q

What do animals require?

A

water, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins

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6
Q

What are the classes of nutrients?

A

water, carbohydrates, fat, proteins, minerals, and vitamins

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7
Q

What are the common features of the digestive system?

A

prehension, mastication, digestion, nutrient absorption, water absorption

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8
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

chemical and microbial

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9
Q

Where does energy come from?

A

carbohydrates, lipids (fat and oil)

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10
Q

What is prehension?

A

grasping or seizing or getting food into the mouth

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11
Q

What is mastication?

A

grinding or reducing particle size of food (chewing)

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of diet?

A

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, granivore, frugivore

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13
Q

What are the two types of herbivores?

A

ruminants and non-ruminants

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14
Q

what is a ruminant?

A

have rumen

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15
Q

What is rumen?

A

compartments in stomach

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16
Q

Do cows have 4 stomachs?

A

no, they are ruminants so they have 4 compartment

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17
Q

What kind of digestion do carnivores have?

A

chemical

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18
Q

What do carnivores eat?

A

meat, >80% animal based diet

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19
Q

What does meat provide?

A

complete protein, minerals, vitamins, energy (fats and lipids, protein can be used for energy)

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20
Q

What do omnivores eat?

A

meat and plant materials

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21
Q

What kind of digestion do herbivores have?

A

chemical (some microbial but is species dependent)

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22
Q

Can omnivores digest plant material?

A

not capable of digesting high fiber diets

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23
Q

What can be supplemented from non-animal sources? For what?

A

protein and B-Complex vitamins; omnivores

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24
Q

What plant materials do omnivores eat?

A

seeds, fruits, tubers (like soil growing plants)

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25
Q

What kind of digestion do herbivores have?

A

Microbial fermentation, and chemical

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26
Q

What is produced (?) during microbial fermentation?

A

volatile fatty acids and vitamins

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27
Q

What is digested (?) during chemical digestion?

A

soluble CHO’s (carbohydrates), protein, microbes

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28
Q

What do herbivores eat?

A

plants; primarily forages

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29
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

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30
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion start?

A

mouth

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31
Q

Where does microbial digestion occur?

A

in the rumen; in the cecum for non-ruminants

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32
Q

What does lipase?

A

breaks down lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids

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33
Q

Where does water absorption happen?

A

large intestine

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34
Q

What digestion process occurs in the mouth?

A

mastication (mechanical grinding) and also chemical digestion through saliva

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35
Q

In a baby ruminant animal, what part of stomach would be the biggest? Why?

A

abomasum; acts as a true stomach

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36
Q

What happens in the small intestine of ruminants?

A

enzymes work to break down

37
Q

What happens in the large intestine of ruminants?

A

water absorption

38
Q

What kind of diet has a monogastric digestive system?

A

carnivore, omnivore

39
Q

What kind of diet has a ruminant stomach?

A

herbivore

40
Q

What kind of diet has a modified monogastric digestive system?

A

carnivore, omnivore, granivore, frugivore, insectivore

41
Q

What species has modified monogastric digestive system?

A

avian

42
Q

What happens in the crop?

A

has mucus lining and fluid to moisten food; stores food, small amount of fermentation

43
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

the stomach for birds, but not a lot of digestion occurs here; secretes HCl and digestive enzymes

44
Q

What happens in the gizzard?

A

mechanical grinding happens (is very muscular)

45
Q

What happens in the Ceca?

A

microbial digestion

46
Q

Are acids sour or bitter?

A

sour

47
Q

Are bases sour or bitter?

A

bitter

48
Q

What is pH?

A

“power of hydrogen” (0-14)

49
Q

What happens when an acid is mixed with water?

A

yields H+ ions

50
Q

What happens when a base is mixed with water?

A

yields OH- ions

51
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

break down protein

52
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A

secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear stress and acid

53
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

54
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

secrete pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme

55
Q

What do G cells do?

A

secrete the hormone gastrin

56
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine?

A

proximal and distal

57
Q

What does the proximal part of the small intestine do?

A

digestion; further breakdown of feed, protein, fats, and carbohydrates

58
Q

What does the distal part of the small intestine do?

A

nutrient absorption; absorption of food starts occuring

59
Q

What does peptidase do?

A

break down proteins

60
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

stores waste until ready to be expelled

61
Q

What is the digestive enzyme in the mouth? What does it digest?

A

Amylase, it starts digesting carbohydrates

62
Q

During digestion, what are proteins broken down into?

A

peptides and then amino acids

63
Q

What is a nickname for the cecum?

A

blind pouch

64
Q

What kind of diet has a larger cecum? Why?

A

non-ruminant herbivores; microbial digestion happens only here for them instead of also in a rumen

65
Q

What is the digestion order for monogastric digestive systems?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum (appendix), large intestine

66
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

chemical digestion of soluble carbohydrates and proteins

67
Q

What happens in the cecum?

A

microbial fermentation of non-soluble carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids and absorption

68
Q

What happens in the large intestine of non-ruminant herbivores?

A

absorption of water and additional nutrients, recovery of water and electrolytes

69
Q

What is the digestion order for non-ruminant herbivores?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, distal large intestine

70
Q

What does the rumen do?

A

microbial fermentation

71
Q

What does the abomasum do?

A

acts as true stomach

72
Q

What does the omasum do?

A

acts like a strainer; absorbs water and nutrients from the feed and then transfers it

73
Q

What does the reticulum do?

A

bigger things go here, serves as a gatekeeper, anything not broken down is trapped in reticulum; Collects larger particles from rumen and moves smaller particles into omasum

74
Q

What does the omasum contain?

A

tissues that make it more efficient

75
Q

What is the rumen’s main energy source?

A

volatile fatty acids

76
Q

What is the largest part of the stomach in a mature ruminant herbivore?

A

rumen

77
Q

How is the stomach of a ruminant herbivore different for a calf?

A

Calf has a larger abomasum and has a way for milk to go straight into the abomasum by shutting parts off

78
Q

What does the rumen(?) produce?

A

volatile fatty acids

79
Q

What are the three volatile fatty acids?

A

Butyrate, propionate, acetate

80
Q

What aids in microbial digestion in the rumen?

A

bacteria, protozoa, fungi

81
Q

What happens with the volatile fatty acids?

A

absorbed across rumen wall and into the blood stream, lead to production of ATP

82
Q

What is the formula for Acetic acid?

A

C2H4O2

83
Q

What is the formula for Propionic acid?

A

C3H6O2

84
Q

What is the formula for Butyric acid?

A

C4H8O2

85
Q

What is the order of digestion for ruminants?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum), small intestine, large intestine

86
Q

What happens in the ceca?

A

there are two ceca at junction of large and small intestines for birds; microbial digestion

87
Q

What is the order for the modified monogastric digestive tract?

A

esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca

88
Q

For what does mouth mastication not occur? What happens instead?

A

Avians; they have no teeth so they break feed into small sizes with their beak and feet, they also have their gizzard which does mastication

89
Q

What are the parts of the proximal portion of the small intestine? Distal?

A

duodenum; ilium and jejunum

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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