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Introduction to Animal Science > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

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1
Q

Mature male equine?

A

stallion

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2
Q

Mature female equine?

A

mare

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3
Q

Castrated male equine?

A

gelding

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4
Q

Immature male equine?

A

colt

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5
Q

Immature female equine?

A

filly

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6
Q

Equine offspring?

A

foal

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7
Q

Parturition process of equine?

A

foaling

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8
Q

When were horses domesticated?

A

5,000 to 7,000 years ago

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9
Q

Are horses native to the US?

A

no

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10
Q

What are horses a symbol of?

A

wealth and high status in society

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11
Q

Who first brought horses to the US?

A

Christopher Columbus brought them to the Virgin Islands during his 2nd voyage

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12
Q

What were horses first used for?

A

Olympics, Battle

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13
Q

When were horses first used in battle?

A

2,000 BC

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14
Q

How were horses used in battle?

A

Riding-draft

Cart-riding

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15
Q

When were horses used during Olympics?

A

1450 BC

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16
Q

Are there wild horses in the United States?

A

no, only feral

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17
Q

What can all/almost all horses be traced back to?

A

Arabian horse

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18
Q

How are horses measured?

A

from ground to point of withers (wither height) using 4 fingers of hand (~4 inches)

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19
Q

Who reintroduced horses to the US? When?

A

Cortez, 1500’s

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20
Q

What are the two categories for types of horses?

A

function and temperament

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21
Q

What are the function types of horses?

A

draft, light, gated, warm bloods, ponies

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22
Q

What are the temperament types of horses?

A

cold blooded, hot blooded, warm blooded, hot and cold blooded

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23
Q

What are equids?

A

not (just) horses

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24
Q

What is the height of draft horses?

A

16-19h

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25
Q

What is the weight of draft horses?

A

up to 3,000 lbs

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26
Q

What are characteristics of draft horses?

A

heavy boned/large framed, power, forward movement

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27
Q

What were draft horses bred for?

A

to pull or haul-draft, draught, dray; are heavy

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28
Q

What were light horses bred for?

A

riding-speed, agility, endurance

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29
Q

What is the height of light horses?

A

14.3-17h

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30
Q

What is the weight of light horses?

A

1,000-1,500 lbs

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31
Q

What are examples of light horses?

A

Quarter Horse, Arabian, Thoroughbred

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32
Q

What were gated horses bred for?

A

“smooth movement”, light

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33
Q

What is the height of gated horses?

A

14.3-17h

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34
Q

What is the weight of gated horses?

A

1,000-1,500 lbs

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35
Q

What are examples of gates horses?

A

American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, Standardbred

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36
Q

What were warmbloods bred for?

A

riding-dressage, jumping (Olympics)

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37
Q

What are characteristics of warmbloods?

A

moderate frame, heavier boned

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38
Q

How are warmbloods bred?

A

hot blood x cold blood

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39
Q

What are examples of warmbloods?

A

Hanoverian, Dutch Warmblood, Trakehner

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40
Q

What are ponies bred for?

A

draft and riding

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41
Q

What is the height of warmbloods?

A

16-18h

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42
Q

What is the weight of warmbloods?

A

1,200-1,700 lbs

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43
Q

What are examples of ponies?

A

Shetland, Welsh, Hackney

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44
Q

What is the height of ponies?

A

<14.2h

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45
Q

What is the weight of ponies?

A

500-900 lbs

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46
Q

What kinds of function can ponies also have?

A

light or draft

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47
Q

What is a miniature horse?

A

has the conformation more of a horse versus a pony

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48
Q

When were miniature horses first bred?

A

1600’s

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49
Q

What is the height of miniature horses?

A

8.5-9.5 h

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50
Q

What are other examples of Equids?

A

Donkey, Jerusalem Donkey, Mammoth Jack, Wild

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51
Q

What is the height of a Mammoth Jack?

A

13.2h

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52
Q

What are other equids bred for?

A

draft and riding

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53
Q

What countries rank in top total equids?

A

China, Russia, Mexico, United States

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54
Q

What are the top states in total horses?

A

Texas, California, Florida, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri

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55
Q

What are the bottom states in total horses?

A

Rhode Island, District of Columbia

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56
Q

What has negatively affected equine populations?

A

motor vehicles, decrease in war, 1986 Tax Reform Act

57
Q

What did the 1986 Tax Reform Act do?

A

it reduced tax reduction from losses from 70 to 28%, which discouraged people from buying horses

58
Q

What are the two types of social behavior for horses?

A

Type II and Type I

59
Q

What is Type II social behavior?

A

territorial (solitary)

60
Q

What is Type I social behavior?

A

herd bound (social)

61
Q

What is an example of a equine with Type II behavior?

A

Grevy’s Zebra (Imperial Zebra)

62
Q

What does cursorial mean?

A

have limbs adapted for running and speed

63
Q

What makes a horse cursorial?

A

vision, digestive system, O2 capacity, Limb anatomy, conformation

64
Q

Where are horse’s eyes located? What does this allow for?

A

sides of head, 357 degree vision

65
Q

What kind of vision do horses have?

A

stereoscopic

66
Q

What is stereoscopic vision?

A

long range depth perception, poor short range depth perception, two blind spots

67
Q

What is accommodation in terms of vision?

A

degree of lens ability to change shape?

68
Q

What is diopter?

A

optical power of lens

69
Q

How much diopters do humans have?

A

10-12

70
Q

How much diopters do horses have?

A

1-2

71
Q

What is a result of the horse diopters?

A

fixed, greater clarity at distances

72
Q

What are cones in humans like?

A

optic fovia, dense and high numbers

73
Q

What are cones in most animals like?

A

horizontal split, spread out and lower numbers

74
Q

What are rods in humans like?

A

fewer

75
Q

What are rods in most animals like?

A

more

76
Q

What is the function of rods?

A

responsible for vision in low light

77
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

active at high light levels

78
Q

What does the tapetum do?

A

cause light to reflect back in eyes at night

79
Q

What kind of color vision do humans have?

A

trichromic

80
Q

What kind of color vision do horses have?

A

dichromic

81
Q

What colors/wavelengths do humans see?

A

blue (short wavelength), green (middle wavelength), red (long wavelength)

82
Q

What colors/wavelengths do horses see?

A

blue (short wavelength), yellow/red (middle/long wavelength)

83
Q

What are the characteristics of the equine eye?

A

greater low light vision, limited color vision, limited accommodation (distance focused)

84
Q

What is a characteristics of horse limbs?

A

increased length of limbs

85
Q

What are positives of horses’ limbs?

A

increase height, increase stride length

86
Q

What does increasing height help?

A

vision

87
Q

What does increasing stride length help?

A

potential to increase speed

88
Q

How do you calculate speed?

A

speed=stride length x frequency of stride

89
Q

What are negatives of horses’ limbs?

A

increase weight, higher center of gravity

90
Q

What does increasing weight result in?

A

slower movement

91
Q

What does a higher center of gravity result in?

A

stability problems

92
Q

What are the two types of solutions to problems that arise from horses’ limbs?

A

weight and stability

93
Q

What weight solutions are there to problems that arise from horses’ limbs?

A

eliminate excess weight (bone and muscle)

94
Q

What stability solutions are there to problems that arise from horses’ limbs?

A

semi-flexible spine, fusion of radius/ulna, fusion of tibia/fibula, fibrous capsule attached to both bones and collateral ligaments

95
Q

What are the two ways muscles can move?

A

flexion and extension

96
Q

What is flexion?

A

when muscle contracts

97
Q

What is extention?

A

when muscle relaxes

98
Q

How does the horse digestive system compare to cattle?

A

feed intake is similar, horses do not eat more or less than cows

99
Q

Why is a horse more efficient than cattle in terms of digestion?

A

feed moves faster through the digestive system

100
Q

What is a characteristic of horses’ digestive system?

A

smaller GIT

101
Q

What does a smaller GIT result in?

A

less mass in GIT, more muscle/unit mass vs. bovine

102
Q

What is the feed capacity for horses?

A

35 gal

103
Q

What is the feed capacity for cattle?

A

60 gal

104
Q

What kind of digestive tract do horses have?

A

non-ruminant herbivore

105
Q

What is oxygen used in?

A

ATP production

106
Q

What does ATP production help with?

A

muscle contraction

107
Q

Do horses have an increased or reduced oxygen intake? Why?

A

increased; position of head, length of head, and long neck

108
Q

What are characteristics of a horse head?

A

large diameter, separate from mouth/esophagus

109
Q

What is the function of the spleen in horses?

A

storage and release of red blood cells

110
Q

What does a horse spleen weight?

A

15-20 pounds

111
Q

What does the spleen allow the horse to do?

A

consistently run for a very long time and maintain speed because it can always supply O2 to muscles

112
Q

What improves oxygen capacity in horses?

A

head anatomy and spleen

113
Q

How efficient are contractions of the spleen?

A

15-20%

114
Q

How does the spleen release red blood cells?

A

contracts

115
Q

What happens when the spleen’s rate of contraction is slow?

A

low efficiency, limited work, limited heat-friction

116
Q

What happens when the spleen’s rate of contraction is fast?

A

low efficiency, high work, high heat-friction

117
Q

What happens when the spleen’s rate of contraction is moderate?

A

higher efficiency, moderate work, moderate heat-friction

118
Q

What is horse conformation?

A

“putting the parts together”; function to form; evaluates a horse’s bone structure, musculature, and its body proportions in relation to each other.

119
Q

What are two ways conformation can be bad?

A

sickle hocks or camp out

120
Q

What does sickle hocks mean?

A

too much bend of lower part of leg (foot too far under the body)

121
Q

What does camp out mean?

A

hind legs farther back than they should be

122
Q

What are examples of genetic wrecks?

A

SCID, HYPP, Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia, Lethal White Overo Syndrome, Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency`

123
Q

What is SCID?

A

severe combines immunodeficiency

124
Q

What are characteristics of SCID?

A

simple recessive and lethal

125
Q

What percent of horses are SCID carriers?

A

up tp 40%

126
Q

What is SCID a result of?

A

deficiency in DNA protein kinase

127
Q

What does Kinase do?

A

add phosphate

128
Q

What kind of reproduction do horses do?

A

seasonal breeder-long day

129
Q

What is a long day breeder?

A

breed in summer when days are longer

130
Q

What is the estrous cycle of a horse?

A

21 days

131
Q

What is the estrus of a horse?

A

5-7 days

132
Q

What is the ovulation of a horse?

A

24-48 hours before end of estrus

133
Q

What is the gestation of a horse?

A

335 days

134
Q

How long is foal heat postpartum?

A

9-14 days

135
Q

What are horses considered to have in terms of reproduction?

A

lowest reproduction rate

136
Q

What are the 2 components that make horses have the lowest reproduction rate?

A

physiological and artificial (people-induced)

137
Q

What physiological reasons are why horses have the lowest reproduction rate?

A

long gestation, seasonal breeders (long day), single bearing, long time to reach puberty and maturity

138
Q

What artificial reasons are why horses have the lowest reproduction rate?

A

not bred based on reproduction, January 1 birth date

139
Q

Why are horses given a January 1 birth date?

A

because they are all born in the same breeding season

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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