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Introduction to Animal Science > Domestication > Flashcards

Domestication Flashcards

1
Q

What is domestication?

A

to adapt to life in intimate association with and to the advantage of humans

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2
Q

What does it mean for an animal to be wild?

A

living in a natural, undomesticated state

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3
Q

skip

A

skip

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4
Q

Does being familiar with humans mean they aren’t wild?

A

No, it does not remove their wild nature

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5
Q

What is a feral animal?

A

Ancestors had been domesticated but now have reverted and live in a wild state

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6
Q

When an animal becomes feral, does that mean they are un-domesticated?

A

No

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7
Q

What is a tame animal?

A

an animal relatively tolerant of human presence

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8
Q

What is an introduced species?

A

a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location, and is believed to be beneficial to the environment, human economy and/or human health

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9
Q

What is an invasive species?

A

a plant or animal that is not native to a specific location; and has a tendency to spread, which is believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy and/or human health

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a domesticated animals?

A

bred in captivity for human benefit, complete control of breeding/reproduction, control territory, control food supply

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11
Q

How do domesticated animals benefit humans?

A

food, companionship, or work

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12
Q

What does it mean for humans to have control of breeding of domesticated animals?

A

humans control breeding and therefore the traits of the animals

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13
Q

What does it mean for humans to control the territory of domesticated animals?

A

control where the animal lives

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14
Q

What does it mean for humans to control the food supply of domesticated animals?

A

control their nutrition and stabilizers of food economy

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15
Q

What was vital to the development of human civilization? How?

A

domestication; increase quantity of food available, decrease labor required, draft, development of market economies (bartering), primary factor in warfare

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16
Q

How many mammalian species are there?

A

5,488

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17
Q

How many bird species and sub species?

A

10,000 species; 22,000 sub species

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18
Q

How many domesticated species are there? Why?

A

15-20; domestication takes a long time, the animals already domesticated were more common in areas compared to others, not all animals benefit humans

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19
Q

What are the criteria for domestication?

A

diet, growth rate, breed in captivity, disposition, less likely to panic, size, social hierarchy

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20
Q

Why is diet a criteria of domestication?

A

it’s easier if they eat a variety of things

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21
Q

Why is growth rate a criteria of domestication?

A

want them to mature rapidly

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22
Q

Why is being able to be bred in captivity a criteria of domestication?

A

reproduction can be controlled, and thus traits can be controlled

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23
Q

Why is disposition a criteria of domestication?

A

strong nerves, have to have right temperament to humans

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24
Q

Why is being less likely to panic a criteria of domestication?

A

important to not panic in human presence

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25
Q

Why is size a criteria of domestication?

A

smaller animals are easier to handle, size is important for their use

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26
Q

Why is social hierarchy a criteria of domestication?

A

they have to understand that humans are the leaders

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27
Q

How are there so many differences within an animal species if they came from the same ancestors?

A

variation among genes is then bred, the environment, lose genes not needed over time (like how their brain decreases in size as they become domesticated)

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28
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

10,000-12,000 years ago

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29
Q

What animal were dogs domesticated from? From where?

A

Wolves (Arabian, Chinese, Indian, European)

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30
Q

What are the two theories of dog domestication? Which is most likely?

A

1-Humans domesticated wolves by picking them and taking them home and overtime breeding certain traits
2- Wolves domesticated themselves by approaching human hunter-gatherers for food

Theory 2 is most likely

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31
Q

What animal was the best at being domesticated? Why?

A

dogs; genomes

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32
Q

What are the stages of dog domesitcation?

A 
1- self domestication
2- strict captivity (limit breeding)
3- intentional breeding 
4- trait standardization
5- eliminate wild species (genes)
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33
Q

What does limiting breeding/strict captivity mean?

A

limit unintentional breeding, like what is done in the wild

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34
Q

What is intentional breeding?

A

breeding for specific traits, can use inbreeding

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35
Q

What is trait standardization?

A

fixing the genomes (such as black body dog x white face dog = black body white faced dog), inbreeding is used

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36
Q

What animals were used in the domestication study Who did it?

A

silver foxes; Dmitri Belyaev

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37
Q

What selection was made in the domestication study?

A

direct selection for “temperament”

38
Q

What was the result of the domestication study?

A

they had shorter legs, dog hair coat, barking, wagging and curled tail, smaller teeth, shorter muzzle, play in adulthood, and have 2 estrous cycles

39
Q

What is a estrous cycle?

A

the reproductive cycle

40
Q

What was the first domesticated animal?

A

dog

41
Q

What are some traits of domesticated dogs?

A

most diversified domesticated animal (phenotypically), the most tortured genetically, capable of reverting to a feral type

42
Q

How are dog genes different?

A

some genes activated sooner, some remain activated longer, and some are never activated

43
Q

How are dogs’ brain capacity different?

A

dogs with “jobs” retain a higher proportion of brain capacity (herding, working, bird), dog without “jobs” have proportionally smaller capacity

44
Q

What are the magnificent 7?

A

first animals domesticated

45
Q

What is the order of the magnificent 7?

A

dog, goat, sheep, cattle, pig, horse, cat (goat and sheep, and then cattle and pig happened around the same time)

46
Q

Are the magnificent 7 more carnivores or herbivores? Why?

A

herbivores; they eat plants and are easier to keep fed then animals that eat other animals

47
Q

What is the domestication process of herbavores?

A

shift from pure hunting to herd management, control movement of herds, selective removal of young males

48
Q

Why does selective breeding of young males occur? For what does it occur?

A

alters sex ratio, alters age structure, breeding, isolation from wild type; herbivore domestication

49
Q

Why were sheep and goats domesticated?

A

size, highly gregarious (easy to follow instruction and submit to leadership), wide utilization of feed resources, variety of useful products

50
Q

What products do sheep and goats provide?

A

meat, milk, leather, fiber (wool and hair)

51
Q

Sheep origins?

A

Mouflon in Eurasia

52
Q

Goat origins?

A

Wild goats in Eurasia and Middle East

53
Q

What does it mean that goats and sheep are highly specialized?

A

They were bred to create species that provide specific things (like sheep just for wool and sheep just for meat)

54
Q

Cattle origin?

A

Eurasia

55
Q

What the ancestor of cattle?

A

Auroch (giant wild ox)

56
Q

Cattle products?

A

milk, meat, leather, draft

57
Q

What impact did cattle have on social importance?

A

language development (alphabet, “stock market, bull market”

58
Q

What impact did cattle have on source of wealth?

A

bartering, mobile food storage, development of US west

59
Q

What impact did cattle have on sacred status?

A

Egyptian gods Hathor (cow) and Apis (bull), India

60
Q

What other bovines besides cattle are domesticated?

A

Asian water buffalo, yaks

61
Q

What products do Asian water buffalo provide?

A

work, meat, and milk; however they aren’t tolerant to heat and wallow in mud

62
Q

What products do Yaks provide?

A

work, milk, meat, hides for warm clothing

63
Q

Where are Yaks found?

A

high mountains of Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia (wild and domestic animals in same location)

64
Q

Are swine herbivores or carnivores? What other animal is a pig stomach’s similar to?

A

omnivores (stomach is similar to humans)

65
Q

Where do swine originate from? What kind?

A

Eurasia; European wild boar and East Indian pig

66
Q

What were swine considered before they were domesticated?

A

pests; they were hunted for control as much as for food during early farming periods

67
Q

What type of environment do domesticated pigs like? Why?

A

housing/pens; they aren’t a good herding animal

68
Q

Why were swine domesticated?

A

prolificacy in suitable environment, value

69
Q

What products do swine provide?

A

meat, lard, and leather

70
Q

What environment are swine best suited to? Why?

A

tropical to temperate environments, they lack sweat glands

71
Q

What does prolificacy mean?

A

ability to produce a lot of offspring

72
Q

What two explorers spread the location of swine? What happened?

A

Columbus and Hernando De Soto; population grew and spread very quickly

73
Q

Where do true wild horses still remain?

A

Ukraine and China, Zebra’s in Africa, Wild donkeys in Africa (feral in US), Mustang (feral in US), Przewalski Horse in Mongolia

74
Q

What do horses and donkeys provide?

A

meat, milk, leather, warfare (key component to almost all wars), draft (second to cattle)

75
Q

What are horses and donkeys currently used for?

A

draft and transportation, recreational riding is limited to only a few countries

76
Q

What are the 4 types of Camelids?

A

Dromedary Camel, Llama, Bactrian Camel, Alpaca

77
Q

What are dromedary camels used for?

A

milk, meat, leather, draft

78
Q

What products do Llamas provide?

A

pack, meat, milk, leather

79
Q

What are alpacas used for?

A

fiber, meat, milk, leather

80
Q

What are Bactrian camels used for?

A

adapted to colder climates because of two humps (fat storage)

81
Q

How were cats domesticated?

A

self-domestication

82
Q

What kind of relationship do cats have with humans?

A

symbiotic, commensal, exploitive captives (biological term), and pet concept (affluent societies)

83
Q

What is symbiotic relationship?

A

mutually beneficial relationship

84
Q

What is a commensal relationship?

A

one benefits from the other, the other is unaffected

85
Q

What does the term exploitive captives mean?

A

captives of humans, but exploiting this relationship to their own ends rather than suffering from it

86
Q

Which of the magnificent 7 is the least domesticated?

A

cats

87
Q

What animal did cats originate from?

A

European and African/Asian wildcat

88
Q

What animal did chickens originate from?

A

Asian Jungle Fowl

89
Q

What products do chickens provide?

A

meat, eggs, feathers

90
Q

How were chickens domesticated?

A

humans, NOT self-domestication

91
Q

How many chicken breeds are there?

A

around 400

92
Q

Do wild turkeys still exist?

A

yes

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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