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Introduction to Animal Science > Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Male Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the testicles?

A

exocrine: produce sperm cells, endocrine: produce the male steroid Testosterone (also produce estrogen but not as much)

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2
Q

Function of the epididymis?

A

sperm maturation and storage

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3
Q

Function of the scrotum?

A

contains and protects testicles

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4
Q

Function of the ductus deferens?

A

connects epididymis to urethra, transports sperm to the urethra

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5
Q

What is another name for the ductus deferens?

A

vas deferens

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6
Q

Function of the urethra?

A

muscular canal extending from the urinary bladder to the length of the penis

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7
Q

What makes up the accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles (vesicular glands), prostate, and cowpers glands

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8
Q

Function of the accessory sex glands?

A

add volume and nutrients for sperm to semen

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9
Q

Function of the penis?

A

organ of copulation

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10
Q

What are the components of sperm?

A

head, mid-piece, principle peace, proximal cytoplasmic droplet

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11
Q

Function of the head of sperm?

A

contains genetic information, haploid cells

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12
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

a cell containing a single set of chromosomes

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13
Q

Function of the mid-piece of sperm? What is another name for midpiece?

A

(mitochondrial helix) energy production for mobility

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14
Q

Function of the principle piece?

A

(tail) motility

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15
Q

What is the proximal cytoplasmic droplet?

A

sign sperm did not fully mature in epididymis

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16
Q

What is acrosome?

A

digestive enzyme that breaks down outer portion of ovum

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17
Q

What is capacitation?

A

changes that occur to sperm in female tract

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18
Q

When does the acrosome reaction occur?

A

after capacitation

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19
Q

What are the penile types?

A

vascular and fibrous

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20
Q

What is a vascular penis?

A

tremendous blood influx increases length, stiffens, and increases width

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21
Q

What is a fibrous penis?

A

stiffening of penis and relaxation of contractor muscles

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22
Q

What kind of penis do dogs have?

A

fibroelastic

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

glans penis (head), shaft (where most of the erection occurs, and root

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24
Q

What 3 things are semen analyzed for?

A

volume per ejaculate (ml), sperm concentration per ml x 10^6, total sperm per ejaculate x 10^9

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25
Q

Why is boar semen deposited in the cervix?

A

because they have low sperm concentration

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26
Q

How does the male reproductive organs differ in poultry?

A

no penis and instead have a rudimentary organ of copulation that transfers sperm to the oviduct of the hen, testis maintained internally inside the body

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27
Q

How is sperm stored in poultry?

A

It is stored in the oviduct of female and is able to fertilize eggs for 70 days in turkeys and 35 days in chickens

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28
Q

What is the “equivalent of a penis” in poultry?

A

phallus

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29
Q

What is castration?

A

removal of the testicles

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30
Q

What is castration called for dogs and cats?

A

neuter

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31
Q

What is the purpose of castration?

A

preventing undesired mating and improving meat quality

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32
Q

What is a negative of castration?

A

decreases feed efficacy and growth rate

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33
Q

What is controlled/limited breeding season?

A

limiting the time interval animals are allowed to mate

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34
Q

What are the two types of breeding?

A

artificial and natural

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35
Q

What are examples of natural breeding?

A

sheep-natural breed in the fall and lamb in the spring-short day breeders

horse-natural breed in late spring and foal the following spring-long day breeders

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36
Q

What is a long day breeder?

A

breed in spring

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37
Q

What is short day breeder?

A

breed in fall

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38
Q

What is artificial breeding?

A

limiting of breeding season by man

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39
Q

What are advantages of controlled breeding season?

A

easier nutritional management, easier health management, easier to observe and assistance at time of parturition, more uniform animals to market

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40
Q

What are the disadvantages of controlled breeding season?

A

all animals reach marketing age at the same time

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41
Q

What is estrous synchronization?

A

getting all livestock to go into heat at same time

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42
Q

Do all sheep/horses/etc follow the breeding season?

A

Not necessarily because in some places there are not distinct seasons

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43
Q

How does estrous synchronization occur?

A

induction of corpus luteum regression/ovulation, delaying ovulation, or a combination

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44
Q

What does regressing the corpus luteum do?

A

allow estrous to peak

45
Q

What does estrous synchronization use?

A

AI or embryo transfer, greater supervision of animals at parturition

46
Q

Benefits of estrous synchronization?

A

more efficient use of labor and facilities, animals bred on 1 day will give birth in at approximately the same time, out of season breeding

47
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

semen is deposited in female reproductive tract by artificial techniques rather than natural mating

48
Q

When was AI first documented? In what animal?

A

1779, dogs

49
Q

What animals have AI techniques been developed in?

A

cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, poultry, and lab animals

50
Q

What are advantages of AI?

A
  • semen can be diluted multiple matings from one ejaculation
  • semen can be frozen and stored for later use
  • use sires after death
  • limit possible spread of disease
  • mate animals which are a large distance apart
51
Q

What are disadvantages of AI?

A

additional skills required

52
Q

When does AI have to occur?

A

as close to ovulation as possible

53
Q

Where does AI occur?

A

semen is deposited beyond the vagina and past the cervix into the uterine body ensure more likely to get pregnant and sperm cells reach ovum

54
Q

What is necessary for successful AI?

A

accurate detection of estrus

55
Q

How is estrus detected in cattle?

A

cow in estrus will stand to be ridden by other cows, sterilized bull will aid in detection of estrus

56
Q

How is estrus detected in sheep/goats?

A

animals in estrus will stand to be mated by male, sterilized males must be used to detect estrus

57
Q

How is estrus detected in horses?

A

mare elevates tail, contracts vulva (winking), and braces in the presence of stallion

58
Q

How is estrus detected in swine?

A

assume a rigid stance with ears erect when pressure is applied to back, presence of boar will enhance response, lordosis

59
Q

What is lordosis?

A

sow will arch back when pressure applied

60
Q

Why is AI used in almost all livestock turkeys?

A

they are bred too big to breed naturally

61
Q

What is cryopreservation?

A

preservation of sperm/eggs so that there are genetic resources to use in the future

62
Q

What are the two parts of the epididymus?

A

caput and cauda

63
Q

What is the function of the caput epididymis?

A

sperm maturition

64
Q

What is the function of the cauda epididymus?

A

sperm storage

65
Q

What is the function of the ampulla?

A

adds fructose to the sperm to nourish it

66
Q

What is the sigmoid flexure?

A

in fibrous penis, the rest of the length

67
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

structure that pulls testes from the abdominal region into the scrotum through the inguinal canal

68
Q

Why are the testes outside the body for most animals?

A

the testes need to be cooler for semen production, 2-3 degrees cooler

69
Q

What is the retractor penis muscle?

A

what moves the penis in and out of sheath (relaxed=in and contracted=out)

70
Q

How is semen collected?

A

using a live animal or a dummy, electroejaculation

71
Q

Do probes lead to more semen ejaculation?

A

no

72
Q

What is semen evaluated for?

A

sperm morphology, life to death ratio, sperm concentration

73
Q

What are the ingredients in semen extension?

A

isotonic media, nutrient, cryopreservation, antibiotic

74
Q

Why is isotonic media added to semen?

A

it has the same osmolarity

75
Q

Why are nutrients added to semen?

A

“feeds” the sperm (like calcium etc)

76
Q

Why are antibiotics added to semen?

A

so it doesn’t grow bacteria that can destroy sperm cells

77
Q

How is semen stored?

A

frozen gradually through a computer controlled process. Tubes containing semen are stores inside canes which are stores inside a canister with liquid nitrogen

78
Q

How long can preserved semen last?

A

over 50 years

79
Q

What are the ways pregnancy is diagnosed?

A

breeding marks, palpation, blood test, ultrasound, bagging

80
Q

What are breeding marks? What do they do?

A

male marks female at mating; earliest possible indication of conception

81
Q

What are breeding marks for cattle?

A

chin ball marker, K-mar patches

82
Q

What are breeding marks for sheep and goats?

A

marking harness, painted brisket

83
Q

what are animals with breeding marks presumed to be?

A

pregnant, non-marked are presumed to be open

84
Q

What is the problem with breeding marks?

A

marks can wash off, marker wears out and no mark at mating, mating does not guarantee pregnancy

85
Q

What animals is palpation used in?

A

cattle and horses

86
Q

What is palpation?

A

trained individuals feel for developing calf or foal

87
Q

What do blood tests look for in cattle?

A

elevated levels of progesterone levels and PSPB (pregnancy specific protein B)

88
Q

What is PSPB produced by?

A

the uterus

89
Q

What do blood tests look for in dogs?

A

Relaxin protein

90
Q

What do blood tests look for in humans?

A

HCG, human chorionic hormone

91
Q

What are the types of ultrasound?

A

external transducer, real time external, real time transrectal

92
Q

What is an external transducer ultrasound?

A

a hand-held machine which indicates pregnancy by beeping

93
Q

What can result in a false positive for external transducer ultrasounds?

A

full bladder

94
Q

What animals are external transducer ultrasounds used on?

A

sheep, goats, pigs

95
Q

What is a real time external ultrasound?

A

machine which allows you to visualize the developing fetus on a screen; allows you to count fetuses

96
Q

What animals are real time external ultrasounds used on?

A

sheep, goats, pigs

97
Q

What is a real time transrectal ultrasound?

A

same machine as real time external but a probe goes in the rectum

98
Q

Which ultrasound can detect pregnancy the earliest? How early?

A

real times transrectal; 18 days

99
Q

What animals are real time transrectal ultrasounds used on?

A

sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cows

100
Q

What is bagging?

A

examination of udder to check for development

101
Q

When can bagging be used?

A

1 month before parturition

102
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

removal of the embryo early in its development from its own mother’s (donor’s) uterus and transfer to another female’s (recipient’s) uterus

103
Q

Is the recipient or donor “better”?

A

the donor

104
Q

What animals were embryo transfer developed in?

A

sheep, goats, swine, cattle, and horses

105
Q

What animal is embryo transfer used commercially in?

A

purebred cattle

106
Q

What are the steps of embryo transfer in cattle?

A
  1. donors are superovulated (induced to ovulate multiple eggs) and bred
  2. embryos are removed non-surgically
  3. embryos are removed and transferred to recipients or frozen and stored for later use
107
Q

What is in vitro fertilization?

A

fertilization in a test tube (outside the body)

108
Q

How does in vitro fertilization occur?

A

eggs are collected from donor female, mature and fertilized in a lab, then frozen or transferred to a recipient

109
Q

At what stage are eggs collected for in vitro fertilization?

A

any stage

Introduction to Animal Science (21 decks)

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