Pottery Flashcards
What is one of the most ancient arts, consisting of artifacts made of heated earth or earthenware?
Pottery
What is the Greek word meaning potter’s clay?
Keramos
Which culture in Japan created the first fired earth vessels 12,000 years ago?
Jomon Culture
What are the three main stages of pottery?
Clay State (Greenware), Biscuit State (Bisque), Glazed State
What is the term for ware that is formed but has not undergone firing and is very brittle?
Clay State (Greenware)
What is the term for ware that has gone through a preliminary low-range firing and is considered half-baked?
Biscuit State (Bisque)
What is the term for ware that has been covered in glaze and will undergo a second firing?
Glazed State
What is a mixture of silica, clay, melting agent, water, colorants, and a suspension agent, which turns glass-like when fired?
Glaze
What are the two types of glaze used by Chinese potters?
Feldspar and Fusing silica of quartz or sand by means of a flux
What are the common kinds of glazes?
Alkaline Glazes, Lead Glazes, Tin Glazes
What type of glaze is made of silica and soda, and is shiny and transparent?
Alkaline Glazes
What type of glaze is made of sand and sulfide or lead oxide?
Lead Glazes
What type of glaze is opaque and white, introduced by Islamic potters?
Tin Glazes
What is the oldest kind of soft pottery, fired at 900-1200°C, which is porous, opaque, and tends to chip and break?
Earthenware
What kind of pottery is extremely hard, impermeable to water, and made by the Chinese before becoming known in Europe after the Renaissance?
Stoneware
What kind of pottery is the hardest, a Chinese invention, and known as the aristocrat of the potter’s wheel?
Porcelain
What is another name for China stone, a feldspathic material used in Chinese porcelain that forms a white cement?
Petuntse
Where was porcelain first mastered in the West?
German Factory, Meissen
What is the term for early vitreous wares produced by the Chinese before they developed true porcelain?
Protoporcelain
What are the three types of porcelain?
Hard Porcelain, Soft Porcelain, Bone China
What is the best kind of porcelain, made of kaolin, fired at 2390-2570°F, and has a feldspathic glaze fired with the body?
Hard Porcelain
What type of porcelain is fired below 2300°F, more translucent, and has a glaze added at a lower second firing?
Soft Porcelain
What type of porcelain, invented by English potters in the mid-18th century, includes calcium phosphate from calcined ox bones?
Bone China
What is a thick semi-solid fluid composed of clay and water where ware is dipped, ancient in origin?
Slip
What oxide is used in slip ornamentation to get the color red or brown?
Iron Oxide
What oxide is used in slip ornamentation to get the color green?
Copper Oxide
What oxide is used in slip ornamentation to get the color blue?
Cobalt Oxide
What oxide is used in slip ornamentation to get the color purple-brown to almost black?
Manganese Oxide
What is the term for ware that has been dipped in slip?
Slip Ware
What is the term for specific proportions of slip used for ornamentation?
Engobe
What process involves treating image and non-image areas to accept or repel ink?
Lithographed
What technique involves drawing designs with a pointed tool that scratches through the slip to reveal the body?
Sgraffito
What technique involves painting pottery before and after firing?
Painted
What is the art of transferring designs from specially prepared paper to a wood, glass, or metal surface?
Decalcomania
What is the term for patterns painted before glazing and firing?
Underglaze
What is the term for pottery fired before painting?
Overglaze
What type of glaze utilizes wood or vegetable ashes?
Ash Glaze
What is the process of allowing newly mixed casting slip to set undisturbed for several days to homogenize ingredients for better casting qualities?
Ageing
What process applies color using a small air-pressure gun, commonly used for shading and general decorating?
Airbrushing
What decorating process involves removing applied color to accentuate detail?
Antiquing
What is a fine-grained, highly plastic secondary clay that fires to white or near white?
Ball Clay
What glaze defect appears as broken bubbles on the glazed surface, leaving bare areas?
Blistering
What finishing technique involves rubbing a leather-hard vessel with a hard tool such as a stone to produce a glossy surface with visible polishing marks?
Burnishing
What hand-building method uses long rolled-out lengths of clay integrated with previous coils to build up a form?
Coiling
What is the decorative and intentional netting created on the surface of a glaze due to expansion and contraction variations in the kiln?
Crackle
What decorative technique involves applying alternate coats of color at perpendicular angles?
Crosshatch
What effect is achieved by applying non-fired color very lightly with an almost dry brush?
Drybrushing
What is a form of low-temperature glaze applied on top of an already fired higher-temperature glaze, often lead-based?
Enamel
What is a substance that causes or promotes melting?
Flux
What is a combination of materials that have been melted into glass, cooled, and reground into a powder before being added to a glaze recipe?
Frit
What type of firing occurs when there is either no combustion or sufficient oxygen in the kiln to allow the fuel to burn cleanly?
Oxidation
What type of firing occurs when there is an inadequate supply of oxygen in the kiln, preventing complete combustion?
Reduction
What is combined with oxygen in clay and glazes during reduction firing, altering their colors?
Carbon Monoxide
What is a ceramic material that can resist great heat and is suitable for lining furnaces?
Refractory
What are examples of refractory materials?
Fireclay, dolomite, magnesite, silica
What firing process involves throwing rock salt into the fire at the maturing temperature or during post-firing?
Salt Firing
What type of glaze is created during high-temperature firings when sodium is introduced into a fully heated kiln, forming a clear coating on the clay?
Salt Glaze
What element is used for salt glaze?
Sodium
What term refers to the greying or discoloration of a glaze caused by underfiring?
Smoking
What slip is comprised of the smallest particles of clay and resembles a burnished surface?
Terra Sigillata
