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Kinesiology > Posture > Flashcards

Posture Flashcards

1
Q

Static Posture

A

Body and its segments are aligned and maintained in certain positions

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2
Q

Dynamic Posture

A

Postures in which the body or segments are moving

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3
Q

Base of Support (BOS)

A

Area enclosed by the outermost edges of the body in contact with the supporting surface

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4
Q

Where is your typical center of mass during static posture?

A

Just anterior to s1 or s2

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5
Q

Using an assistive device ___________ the BOS, providing _________________________

A

increases

more postural stability

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6
Q

Postural Control

A

person’s ability to maintain stability of the body and body segments in response to postural threats

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7
Q

How do you maintain postural control? (3)

A

Maintaining COM within BOS

Control body’s orientation in space

Maintaining erect posture requires integration of CNS and PNS

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8
Q

Define Postural Sway

A

oscillations in COM occurring in A/P and M/L direction

COP (center of pressure) corrals COM to maintain postural control

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9
Q

Increased postural sway indicative of _________ postural control challenge… what does this do?

A

Increased

Decreased stability: Increased risk for falls due to difficulty keeping COM within BOS

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10
Q

What can increase sway?

A 
Hemiparesis 
Peripheral neuropathy 
Concussion
Vestibular dysfunction 
Pes Planus
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11
Q

Reactive (compensatory) response in postural control are…

A

Responses occur as reactions to external destabilizing forces

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12
Q

Proactive (anticipatory) responses in postural control are…

A

Responses occur in anticipation of internally destabilizing forces

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13
Q

Posture may be altered and stability may be compromised with…

A

altered or absent inputs

I.e. Decreased sensation of the lower extremities or post-injury

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14
Q

Alterations in outputs also compromise posture. What does this mean?

A

inability of muscles to respond appropriately to signals from CNS due to a neuromuscular disorder

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15
Q

In a normally functioning CNS, we will select the most efficient combination of muscles to completely the task after analyzing _______________. This creates ________________.

A

Sensory input

Dynamic control

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16
Q

Sensory Perturbation: may be caused by _____________________________

A

altering sensory input

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17
Q

Mechanical Perturbation: displacement causing changes in the relationship of the body’s ____________________

A

CoM to

BoS

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18
Q

Muscle strategies are centrally organized patterns of muscle activity that occur in response to…

A

Perturbations of standing postures

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19
Q

Describe ankle strategies/synergy

A

Discrete bursts of muscle activity that occur in a distal-to- proximal pattern

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20
Q

Describe hip synergy/strategy

A

Discrete bursts of muscle activity that occur in a proximal-to-distal pattern

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21
Q

Alternate Balance Strategies

A

move or enlarge the body’s BOS so that it remains under the COM

Only strategies that are successful with a large perturbations

22
Q

Stepping strategies involve taking steps in what directions

A

Forward
Backward
Lateral

23
Q

Grasping strategies are

A

Using one’s hands to grab on a fixed surface

24
Q

What is the normal recruitment of postural control strategies occurring from small perturbations to large perturbations?

A

Ankle > hip > stepping > grasping

25
Q

Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

A

Force of the ground pushing back on the body in standing

26
Q

Line of Gravity (LOG)

A

Extending from COM to the base of support

27
Q

Center of Pressure (COP)

A

Point of application of the GRF

Located between the feet in bilateral stance

28
Q

If LOG passes through a joint axis:

A

No torque created around the joint

29
Q

If LOG passes outside the joint axis

A

External gravitation moment

Results in rotation around the joint axis unless it is opposed by a counterbalancing internal moment

30
Q

Magnitude of the external moment ___________ as the distance between the LOG and joint axis increases

A

Increases

31
Q

Direction depends on the location of the ______ in relation to the joint axis

A

LOG

32
Q

Goals of postural assessment

A

Appreciate static positioning of body segments with relation to each other
Relate back to patient’s main complaints
Apply to potential functional impairments

33
Q

Keys to success for a postural assessment

A

Assess from multiple angles
Remove obstructive clothing
Observe more than the area of complaint

34
Q

Where is the LOG in ideal standing posture? Why?

A

LOG passes through or very close to all joint axes

Minimizes external moments
External moments are balanced by internal moments

35
Q

Long term deviations to standing posture result in

A

Structural changes

36
Q

Where is the LOG passing through in ideal standing posture from the side view

A

. Slightly posterior to the apex of the coronal suture
• Through the external auditory meatus*
• Through the odontoid process of the axis
• Midway through the shoulder*
• Through the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae
• Through the sacral promontory
• Slightly posterior to the center of the hip joint*
• Slightly anterior to the axis of the knee joint*
• Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus*
• Through calcaneocuboid joint

37
Q

LOG is anterior to knee joint axis

External moment:

A

extension

Possible additional extension moment contributed by soleus contraction

38
Q

LOG passes slightly anterior to lateral malleolus

Creating an external moment of

A

Dorsiflexion

39
Q

To maintain static posture the internal moment of the ankle is..

A

Plantarflexion

By Active contraction of soleus, with contribution from gastrocnemius

40
Q

To maintain static posture, the internal moment of the knee is…

How?

A

flexion

Prevents knee hyperextension via…
Passive tension of posterior joint capsule and associated ligaments
Active contraction of: hamstrings & gastrocnemius

41
Q

LOG passes slightly posterior to axis of hip

External moment:

A

extension

At times, postural sway may cause LOG to pass anterior and create flexion moment

42
Q

To maintain static posture the internal moment at the hip is…
How?

A

flexion
Passive tension of hip ligaments
Active contraction of iliopsoas

43
Q

LOG passes through the body of L5. external moment:

A

slight extension moment

Creates shear force rather than true torque

44
Q

What opposes the external moment at L5 to maintain a static posture

A

Opposed by anterior longitudinal ligament, iliolumbar ligaments, facet joint approximation

45
Q

LOG passes through external auditory meatus, anterior to axis for head
External moment:

A

Flexion of c-spine

46
Q

To maintain a static posture at the head and neck, the internal moment is…
How?

A

extension of c-spine

Passive tension of ligamentum nuchae, tectorial membrane and posterior facet joint capsules
Active contraction of cervical extensors

47
Q

When assessing standing posture in the posterior/anterior view, you are looking for

A

symmetry of the head, spine and feet
And
Scapulae lie flat on the thorax, Approximately between T2 and T7, and 4 inches apart

48
Q

What is ideal posture of the knees in the anterior view

A

Patellae face directly forward

Slight physiological valgus

49
Q

What is the ideal alignment of the ankles from the anterior view

A

Neutral (no supination or pronation)

50
Q

What is the ideal alignment of the feet from the anterior view

A

Heels separated about 3 inches

Out toeing 8-10 deg

Kinesiology (18 decks)

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