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Kinesiology > Intro To Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Intro To Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column function

A

Meet the demands of mobility and stability of the trunk and extremities
Protect the spinal cord

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2
Q

Advantage of a curved vertebral column

A

Increased ability to resist comprehensive load

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3
Q

A Motion segment consists of

A

2 adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral disc
Any Soft tissue that secures them

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4
Q

A typical vertebra has anterior and posterior parts. What is the posterior part and what does it consist of?

A

Vertebral arch:
Pedicles
Posterior elements- laminae, articular cartilage, spinous process, and transverse processes

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5
Q

The weight bearing structure of the spinal column is

A

Vertebral body

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6
Q

What portion of the vertebra transmits forces from the articular, transverse, and spinous processes to the pedicles?

A

Lamina

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7
Q

Function of the pedicle

A

Transmit bending forces from the posterior elements to the vertebral body

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8
Q

The spinous process serves as a muscle attachment point but it also has these functions

A

Provides mechanical lever

Provides a bony block to motion

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9
Q

3 parts of the Intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus purposes
Annulus fibrosis
Vertebral end plate

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10
Q

Size of the intervertebral disc is related to what 2 things?

A

Amount of motion

Magnitude of load being transmitted

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11
Q

The “pulp-like gel” center if an IV disc is called the

A

Nucleus pulposus

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12
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

Fibrous outer ring of the IV disc composed of collagen and elastin

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13
Q

The annulus fibrosus is arranged in 15-25 layers. What is their orientation?

A

Fibers are oriented 65 degrees from vertical

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14
Q

What is the cartilage layer that covers the superior and inferior surfaces of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Vertebral end plate

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15
Q

What is the vertebral end plate attached to?

A

Annulus fibrosus

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16
Q

The vertebral end plate is ______ in children and ranges from ____ to ______ mm in adults.

A

Larger

0.6-1

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17
Q

Function of intervertebral discs

A

Separate 2 vertebral bodies (increasing available motion)
Transmits load from one vertebral body to the next
Stabilization of the spine
Provide space between vertebra for exiting spinal nerves

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18
Q

Available motion in a motion segment in the spine is a reflection of _________________ to _________________ ratio. The ______________ the ratio, the greater the movement.

A

Disc height to vertebral body height

Larger

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19
Q

What property of the disc allows for uniform distribution of force through the joint?

A

The fluid property

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20
Q

The _____________________ is capable of resisting distraction, shear, and torsion to stabilize the spine.

A

Annulus fibrosus

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21
Q

Slouching produces _____________ disc pressure than sitting erect because the load is moved to the front of the body.

A

Greater

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22
Q

What type of joint are the intervertebral joints

A

Symphysis type cartilaginous jt

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23
Q

Intervertebral joints allow for what types of motions

A

Gliding
Distraction/compression
Rotation (tilt)

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24
Q

Zygapophsyseal joints are _____________ that articulate _________________ with ______________ of vertebrae

A

Synovial

Superior articular facets with inferior articulating facets

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25
Q

What determines available motion of a zygopophyseal (facet) jt?

A

Shape and orientation of articular processes and facets

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26
Q

Facet joints don’t follow the concave-convex rule. Instead they have _________________________ to increase joint congruency

A

Fibroadipose meniscoids

27
Q

These ligaments limit forward flexion of the spine (4)

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligaments

28
Q

What ligament limits extension of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

29
Q

What ligament limits contralateral lateral flexion?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

30
Q

There is a high incidence of posterolateral disc herniations in the lumbar spine because the ____________________ ligament in this area ____________ (which doesn’t provide as much support to the IV discs).

A

Posterior longitudinal

Narrows

31
Q

Zygapophyseal jt capsules are strongest in the _______________ region & ____________ junction

A

Thoracolumbar

Cervicothoracic

32
Q

Zygapophyseal joint capsules functions

A

Limit motion

Add stability

33
Q

Zygapophyseal jt capsules primarily restrain ____________________ & ___________, and are vulnerable to __________

A

Cervical rotation and side bending & Lumbar rotation

Hyper flexion

34
Q

Osteokinematics of the vertebral column

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation

35
Q

In the vertebral column, motions are often ____________. Best shown with _____________&__________

A

Coupled (consistent association of one motion about an axis with another motion around a different axis)

Lateral flexion and rotation

36
Q

Coupling patterns vary based on:

A

Spinal posture
Spinal curvature
Orientation of articulating facets
Fluidity/elasticity/thickness of the disc
Extensibility of muscles, ligaments, and joint capsules

37
Q

Intervertebral discs add significant ROM by allowing for vertebrae to __________________ secondary to ______________ disc between them

A

Rock/tilt on eachother

Deformable

38
Q

In the intervertebral joint ________________ restrains motion

A

Annulus fibrosus

39
Q

Intervertebral joints differ in ________________, distribute _______, and create ________________________.

A

Magnitude of movement
Load
Space for movement and passage of spinal nerve roots

40
Q

Facet jts are considered the “__________________” because they determine_______________________.

A

Train tracks

Direction of movement

41
Q

The Osteokinematics if a motion segment is a description of movement based on the direction of the __________ segment’s __________ portion.

A

Superior

Antierior

42
Q

Describe the Osteokinematics of the spine

A

Flex/ext
Lat flex
Rotation

43
Q

What are some typical Arthrokinematics seen in the Intervertebral jts

A

Approximation/distraction
Sliding
Tipping

44
Q

What are some typical Arthrokinematics seen in the facet jts

A

Approximation/gapping

Sliding

45
Q

Describe the Kinematics of FLEXION in the spine

A

Anterior tilt and anterior glide of the superior vertebra

46
Q

Describe how flexion in the spine will change the posterior portion of a motion segment

A

Widens the the intervertebral foramen and separation of spinous processes

47
Q

Describe what changes in the anterior portion of a motion segment during FLEXION

A

Compression of the annulus fibrosus and posterior strength of the annulus fibrosus

48
Q

Excessive flexion of a motion segment is limited secondary to:

A 
Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior annulus fibrosus
Back extensor muscles
49
Q

Describe the Kinematics of EXTENSION in the spine

A

Posterior tilt and posterior glide of superior vertebra

50
Q

What happens in the anterior portion of a motion segment during extension?

A

Anterior stretching of the annulus fibrosus

51
Q

Describe what happens in the posterior portion of a motion segment during extension?

A

Narrowing of the intervertebral foramen
Spinous processes approximate
Compression of posterior annulus fibrosus

52
Q

Excessive extension of the spine is limited secondary to:

A 
Bony contact of spinous processes
Tension in facet joint capsule
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior annulus fibrosus
Anterior trunk muscles
53
Q

Describe the Kinematics of lateral flexion

A

Lateral tilt, rotation, and translation of the superior vertebra over the vertebra below

54
Q

Describe how the intervertebral foramen and annulus fibrosus change during lateral flexion

A

Intervertebral foramen: Widens on the contralateral side and narrowing on the ipsilateral side

Annulus fibrosus: stretches on contralateral side and compression on ipsilateral

55
Q

Direction of rotation during lateral flexion differs slightly in different regions because…

A

Or the orientation of the facets

56
Q

Excessive lateral flexion is limited secondary to

A

Annulus fibrosus
Inter transverses ligament
Trunk muscles

57
Q

Describe general Kinematics of rotation in the spine

A

Approximation of contralateral facet jt and distraction of ipsilateral facet jt

58
Q

The vertebral column is subject to what types of forces?

A 
Axial compression
Tension
Bending
Torsion
Shear
59
Q

The ability of the vertebral column to resist these forces depend on what factors?

A 
Type/duration/rate of loading
Persons age
Posture
Various structure elements
Integrity of nervous system
60
Q

Functions of spinal musculature

A

Controls posture
Stabilize axial skeleton
Protect spinal cord and internal organs
Generate Intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressure
Produce torque for movement of the body
Mobility of head and neck for optimal place of eyes, ears, and nose

61
Q

Which ligament reinforces the posterior proportion of the annulus fibrosus

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

62
Q

Ligamentum flavum limits motion the most in what region of the spine?

A

Lumbar

63
Q

How does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit extension?

A

Reinforces anterior portion of annulus fibrosus and anterior aspect of intervertebral disc

Kinesiology (18 decks)

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