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Portugal Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

When did Portugal establish it’s National Identity

A

Portugal expelled the Moors and established the current country by 1250

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2
Q

Nickname for the first port wines arriving in England

A

Blackstrap, because of it’s Strength and richness

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3
Q

When did Portugal begin viticulture?

A

Long before the Common Era. Viticulture with native grapevine predates the arrival of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, and Romans

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4
Q

When and how did Portugal establish it’s privileged trading relationship with England

A

When it signed the Treaty of Windsor in 1386

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5
Q

When was the Madeira Archipelago discovered by Portugal

A

1419

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6
Q

When and how was Port first introduced to the English market, why did it become popular

A

In 1678, two Englishmen arrived in the Douro Valley and discovered the, sweet Fortified wine being made there. They brought back the beverage to England where it soon received widespread popularity. It’s rise was aided by war and trade embargoes with France, A new western interest in sweetness brought by trade with the West Indies, and it’s ability to travel while avoiding spoilage

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7
Q

When was the Treaty of Methuen signed

A

1703 with England, securing preferential tariffs and solidifying the trading relationship

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8
Q

The Douro Wine Company

A

An entity created by the Portuguese government to address wide spread fraud and plummeting prices in the English market. In 1756, formally established the boundaries and practices of the Douro appellation. Took power from the English Merchants and regulated grape prices, fixed pricing on the finished wines, managed exports and monopolized the sale of Portuguese brandy (aguardente) used in the fortification process. It’s position as both regulator and shipper opened the door to stern criticism and has since lost it’s regulatory status to the government run Douro Port Wine Institue (IVDP) but survives today as the Royal Oporto Wine Company

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9
Q

Which beverage did Shakespeare claim the Duke of Clarence drowned himself in 1478

A

Madeira

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10
Q

What beverage was used to commemorate the signing of the Declaration of Independence? George Washington’s inauguration?

A

Both Madeira

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11
Q

When was the apex of Port and Madeira’s popularity? what led to it’s fall from grace

A

the 1st decade of the 1800’s. Spain and France invaded Portugal in 1807 to disrupt trade with England, affecting the wines’ quality and price. When Napoleon was finally defeated, England opened up to the European market at large and Port and Madeira had much more competition from French and Spanish wine. New World monopolies began to be lost through independence movements. American diseases powdery and downy mildew and phylloxera decimated vineyards

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12
Q

When did downy and powdery mildew arrive in Portugal? Phylloxera? What were the effects

A

The mildews arrived in the 1850’s, Phylloxera in 1867. The cumulative effects were devastating. only Colares (on sandy soils) escaped Phylloxera. Many vineyards were not replanted but the cork industry took root during this time.

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13
Q

garrafeira

A

Portuguese labeling term meaning “private wine cellar.” for vintage dated DOP and IGP wine. Red: min 30 months aging including 12 months in bottle. White and Rose: min12 months aging including 6 months in bottle

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14
Q

garrafeira port

A

A style pioneered by Nieport, seperate from the labeling term for red, white and rose. following a few years’ aging in barrels, the Port is matured for a period of at least eight years in glass demijohn

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15
Q

Portuguese terms for red, white and rose

A

tinto, branco, rosado

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16
Q

reserva requirements in Portugal

A

still wines: additional 0.5% abv. traditional method sparkling: min 12 months agingin on lees. Stricter requirements in individual DOPs may supersede these requirements

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17
Q

Colheita Seleccionda

A

min 1% additional abv

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18
Q

casta

A

Portuguese for grape variety

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19
Q

Declared Port vintages of the 2000’s

A

2000, 2003, 2007, 2011

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20
Q

Declared Port vintages of the 90’s

A

1991, 1992, 1994. 1997

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21
Q

Declared Port vintages of the 80’s

A

1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989

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22
Q

Declared Port vintages of the 70’s

A

1970, 1975, 1977, 1978

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23
Q

Declared Port vintages of the 60’s

A

1960, 1963, 1966, 1967

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24
Q

Best Port Vintages of the last century

A

1912, 1927 (arguably the best), 1945, 1948, 1963, 1970, 1985, 1994

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25
Q

IGP Regions of Northern Portugal

A

Minho, Transmontano, Duriense, Terras de Cister, Beira Atlantico, Terras do Dao, Terras da Beira

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26
Q

IGP Regions of Southern Portugal

A

Lisboa, Tejo, Alentejano, Peninsula de Setubal, Algarve

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27
Q

IGP Regions of the Portuguese Islands

A

Terras Madeirenses, Alcores

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28
Q

DOPs of Minho

A

Vinho Verde

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29
Q

DOPs of Transmontano

A

Tras-Os-Montes

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30
Q

DOPs of Terras de Cister

A

Tavora Varosa

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31
Q

DOPs of Duriense

A

Douro, Porto

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32
Q

DOPs of Beira Atlantico

A

Bairadda, Subzone of the IGP: Terras do Sicó

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33
Q

DOPs of Terras do Dao

A

Lafoes, Dao

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34
Q

DOPs of Terras da Beira

A

Beira Interior

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35
Q

DOPs of Lisboa

A

Encostas de Aire, Obidos, Lourinha, Torres Vedras, Alenguer, Arruda, Bucelas, Corales, Carcevelos. Subzones of the IGP: Estramadura, Alta Estramadura

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36
Q

DOPs of Tejo

A

DoTejo

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37
Q

DOPs of Alentejano

A

Alentejo

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38
Q

DOPs of Peninsula de Setubal

A

Setubal, Palmela

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39
Q

DOPs of Algarve

A

Lagos, Portimao, Lagoa, Tavira

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40
Q

DOPs of Terras Madeirenses

A

Madeira, Madeirense

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41
Q

DOPs of Acores

A

Biscoitos, Gradciosa, Picos

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42
Q

Portugal: number of IGP, DOP

A

14 IGP, 29 DOP

43
Q

enforcado

A

A Traditional vine training system used in Vinho Verde, Portugal. Vines are trained high off the ground along trees, telephone poles, and stakes creating a canopy overhead. This system was developed to deal with the rainy, damp climate and associated rot and fungal diseases. Historically the region was heavily farmed and this system allowed for other crops to be planted beneath the canopy. More modern trellising techniques have taken over today, only accounts for ~10% of plantings.

44
Q

Vinho Verde climate and Geo

A

A cool, rainy, Atlantic-influenced climate prevails, and grey rot can be problematic during the damp growing season. Lush, green landscape. An elevated granite plateau traversed by rivers

45
Q

Vinho Verde location

A

Portuguese DOP in the northwest corner, borders Rias Biaxas, Spain to the north, separated by the Minho River. Overlaps the Minho IGP

46
Q

Vinho Verde production

A

The largest DOP in Portugal, 15% of vineyard acreage, lots of bulk production

47
Q

Vinho Verde grapes and wines

A

White: Loureiro (most planted grape) + Trajadura (Treixadura), Avesso, Pedernã (Arinto), Alvarinho. Typically low alcohol, petillant by injected CO2, and for youthful cunsumption, most of the export market. Red and Rose: Vinhão (a teinturier grape), Espadeiro, Borraçal, and Alvarelhão, also pettilant but due to having malo occur in bottle, also intended for youthful consumption, a minority of the export market

48
Q

Vinho Verde important subregions

A

Monção e Melgaço. Directly across the Minho river from Condado do Tea in Rias Biaxas, Spain. Varietal Alvarihno.

49
Q

Tras-Os-Montes location, geo, climate

A

Sole DOP of the Transmontano IGP in the northeast corner of Portugal, east of Minho, north of Duriense, bordering Spain to the north and west. Noncontiguous w/ three subregions: Chaves, Valpaços, and Planalto Mirandés. Inland, hot, dry and Mountainous

50
Q

Tras-Os-Montes grapes and wines

A

Ripe and full bodies reds: Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Bastardo (Trousseau), Touriga Francesa and Trincadeira. also Rosado and white: Fernão Pires, Síria, Viosinho, Gouveio, Malvasia Fina and Rabigato

51
Q

Trousseau aka in Portugal

A

Bastardo

52
Q

Douro location, geo, soil

A

DOP in the Duriense IGP, south of Transmontano, north of Terras de CIster IGP and Terras de Beira IGP, east of Minho, bordering Spain to the east. Vineyards on steep terraced Shist and Granite slopes along the Douro river that flows between the Marao and Montemuro Mtns

53
Q

Douro climate

A

Inland, continental climate of severely hot summers and cold winters, when temperatures often dip below freezing. mountains act as barriers to the humid Atlantic winds, and the Douro becomes progressively drier toward the Spanish border

54
Q

Douro important subzones

A

3 subzones. Baixo Corgo to the west has the highest density of plantings, Cima Corgo has the highest total vineyard acreage, and Douro Superior, which stretches to the Spanish border, is the largest, most arid, and most sparsely planted region in Douro

55
Q

Douro production

A

Table wines and the occasional licoroso (fortified) Moscatel do Douro are produced as Douro DOP; fortified Port from the Douro region is released as Porto DOP. Approximately 50% of the region’s wine is released as Porto.

56
Q

Douro grapes and wines

A

Red, Rosado: Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Cão, and Tinta Barroca, min 11% abv Whites: Malvasia Fina, Viosinho, Rabigato, and Gouveio, min 10.5% abv. Styles range from simple and fruity to oak aged and serious. Moscatel do Douro: fortified Moscatel Galego, may carry and age designation in the manner of Tawny port, Espumanto do Douro. Colheita Tardia

57
Q

Douro Reserva and Grande Reserva requirements

A

Red: min 12% abv, min 1 year aging. White: min 11.5% abv, min 6 months aging. The IVDP must certify all Douro wines; those that meet reserva criteria and score exceptionally well in blind tasting analysis may use the term grande reserva

58
Q

Who pioneered the Douro table wine movement

A

Ferreira, a house now under the ownership of Sogrape, launched Barca Velha in 1952, pioneering the style

59
Q

Douro table wine producers

A

Ferreira, Quinta do Crasto, Ramos Pinto, Dow, Niepoort, Quinta do Vale Meão

60
Q

Lafoes

A

Portuguese DOP within the Terras do Dao IGP. Red: Min. 40% Amaral, plus Jaen and Pilongo. White: Min. 85% combined Arinto (min. 50%) and Cercial; plus Dona Branca, Sercial, Rabo de Ovelha

61
Q

Dao location, climate

A

Portuguese DOP within the Terras do Dao IGP. Inland, south of Minho and Terras de Cister, east of Beira Atlantico, west of Terras de Beira. Surrounded on three sides by mountains, thus partially protected from the interioir harsh winds and the coastal, maritime influence. Hot and dry during the growing season with ample rainfall in the winter months, many vineyards are higher altitude to preserve acidity.

62
Q

Dao grapes and wines

A

over 75% red, reccommended grapes: Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Touriga Franca, Alfrocheiro, Aragonez, Bastardo, Rufete, Trincadeira, and Tinta Cão, . White reccommended: Encruzado, Bical, and Cercial +. adl allowed, experimental max 40%

63
Q

nobre

A

“Noble,” An optional labeling term for Dao DOP wines. Red: minimum 15% Touriga Nacional and a maximum 85% of Jaen, Rufete, Alfrocheiro, and Aragonez, min 3yrs aging, min 12% abv. White: minimum 15% Encruzado and a maximum 85% of Cercial, Bical, Malvasia Fina, and Verdelho . Min 1yr aging, min 11.5% abv. May be reserva or garrafeira w/ additional aging and alcohol

64
Q

Barraida location, climate, soils

A

Portuguese DOP in the Beira Atlantico IGP. South of Minho, west of Dao. Near the Atlantic coast, mild and rainy. Clay soils, sandy areas best for white wines

65
Q

Barraida grapes and wines

A

Predomintaley produces red wine but Tinto, Branco, and Rosado all permitted. Tinto: Min. 85% combined Baga (min. 50%), Alfrocheiro, Camarate, Castelão, Jaen, and Touriga Nacional (only these preceding varieties may be used for “Classico” wines), + a host of native and international grapes. Branco: A host of grapes allowed including Maria Gomes and Arinto.

66
Q

Tavora Varosa

A

Portuguese DOP in the Terras de Cister IGP, south of Douro, north of Terras do Dao, west of Terras de Beira. . Center for Sparkling wine production, traditional method. Still red white and rosado also allowed

67
Q

Beira Interior

A

Portuguese DOP in the Terras de Beira IGP, south of Douro, east of Terras de Cister and Terras do Dao, north of Tejo and Alentejano, borders Spain to the east. Despite it’s size, relatively few growers and manly coops. Tinto, Branco, and Rosado authorized from a host of grapes.

68
Q

Beira Interior subzones

A

Beira Castelo Rodrigo, Cova da Beira, and Pinhel

69
Q

Encostas de Aire

A

Portuguese DOP in the Lisboa IGP, Northmost of the Lisboa DOPs. Tinto, Branco and Rosado from a large host of grapes. subzones: Ourém (varietal Trincadeira), Alcobaça (similar cepage to the basic DOP)

70
Q

Lourinha

A

Portuguese DOP in the Lisboa IGP solely for Aguardente production

71
Q

Bucelas

A

Portuguese DOP in the Lisboa IGP. Small, inland, north of Lisbon, which is slowly swallowing the suburb with it’s growing population. Branco only: Min. 75% Arinto (Perdernã); plus Sercial (Esgana Cão) and Rabo de Ovelha

72
Q

Colares

A

Portuguese DOP in the Lisboa IGP. Coatstal, east of Lisbon. Sandy soils, “chão de areia,” free from phylloxera, own rooted Ramisco and Malvasia planted there. Harder soils further inland, “chão rija,” are planted to Castelao

73
Q

Carcavelos

A

Portuguese DOP in the Lisboa IGP, directly west of Lisbon, has suffured deeply from urban sprawl, only 25 ha remain. Tinto: min. 75% Castelão and Preto Martinho. Branco: Arinto, Galego Dourado, and Ratinho. The wines are fermented dry, then fortified and sweetened with vinho abafado, a partially fermented must preserved with alcohol. Aged in barrel for at least two years, min six months in bottle.

74
Q

Palmela location, climate, geo, soils

A

Portuguese DOP in the Peninsula de Setubal IGP. Between the Tejo and Sado estuaries. Mediterranean climate. clay-imestone soils on the lower slopes of the Arrabida Mtns in the west and sandy soils of the low-lying plains in the east (the preffered soil for Castelao)

75
Q

Palmela grapes and wines

A

Tinto, Branco, Rosado and Licoroso authorized. Tinto: min 66.7% Castelao + a host of native and international grapes. Branco: a host of native and international grapes allowed, but typically blended with a high proportion of Fernão Pires and Arinto.

76
Q

Setubal location, history

A

Portuguese DOP in the Peninsula de Setubal IGP, overlapping the Palmela DOP. The vinhos licoroso of Setúbal gained popularity in the heyday of Portugal’s fortified wine trade, benefiting—like Madeira—from the torna viagem maturation process. The region was one of the first in Portugal to be demarcated in the early 20th century (1907)

77
Q

Setubal grapes, wines

A

Licoroso Tinto: min 67% Moscatel Roxo. Licoroso Tinto varietal Moscatel Roxo/Roxo: min 85% Moscatel Roxo. Licoroso Branco: min 67% Muscat of Alexandria. Licoroso Branco varietal Moscatel de Setubal: min 85% Muscat of Alexandria. Aged on the skains after fermentationa dn fortification up to 6 months, then aged in cask up to 5 years. May be labeled 10/20/30/+40 years old. Superior: Minimum 5 years of age

78
Q

Setubal producers

A

J.M. da Fonseca is the appellation’s largest and most storied producer; in the company’s cellars are stocks of wine dating to the 19th century, some of which crossed the equator at sea

79
Q

DoTejo

A

Portuguese DOP in the Tejo IGP. Lanlocked, east of Lisboa, south ofTerras de Beira, west of Alentejano, north of Peninsula de Setubal. Names for the Tejo river than runs through. Tinto, Branco, and Rosado from a wide array of grapes. Castelão and Fernão Pires are the dominant red and white grapes; white wines outnumber reds.

80
Q

Alentejo

A

Portuguese DOP in the Alentejano IGP. eight subzones: Moura, Granja-Amareleja, Évora, Vidigueira, Reguengos, Redondo, Borba, and Portalegre—the latter, located on the cooler, granitic slopes of the São Mamede Mountains in the northernmost sector of the DOP, is the most promising area in the region. Red wine production in Alentejo exceeds that of whites, and Trincadeira is the region’s most prominent grape. Plantations of Quercus suber—cork trees—are widespread through the region.

81
Q

Lagoa

A

Portuguese DOP in the Algarve IGP. Tinto: Min. 70% combined Negra Mole and Trincadeira. Branco: Min. 70% combined Arinto (Pedernã) and Síria (Roupeiro)

82
Q

Tavira

A

Portuguese DOP in the Algarve IGP: Tinto: Min. 70% combined Castelão, Negra Mole and Trincadeira. Branco: Branco: Min. 70% combined Arinto (Pedernã) and Síria (Roupeiro)

83
Q

Lagos

A

Portuguese DOP in the Algarve IGP. Tinto: Min. 70% combined Castelão, Negra Mole, and Trincadeira. Branco: Min. 70% combined Arinto (Pedernã), Malvasia Fina, and Síria (Roupeiro)

84
Q

Portimao

A

Portuguese DOP in the Algarve IGP. Tinto: Min. 70% combined Castelão, Negra Mole, and Trincadeira. Branco: Min. 70% combined Arinto (Pedernã) and Síria (Roupeiro)

85
Q

Acores

A

Volcanic Islands in the middle of the Atlantic 1000 miles from the coast of Portugal. 3 of the 9 islands have DOPs: Pico, Graciosa, and Terceira.

86
Q

Pico

A

Portuguese DOP in the Acores IGP. Branco, Espumante, Licoroso from Verdelho, Arinto (Pedernã), Terrantez. Fortified (licoroso) wine the most highly regarded wines of the archipelago though rarely exported and small in acreage. Top of the volcano is the highest point in Portugal

87
Q

Biscoitos

A

Portuguese DOP in the Acores IGP on the Terceira Island. fortified wines (licoroso) from Verdelho, Arinto (Pedernã), Terrantez

88
Q

Graciosa

A

Portuguese DOP in the Acores IGP. Branco only: Verdelho, Arinto (Pedernã), Terrantez, Malvasia Fina, Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes)

89
Q

Madeirense

A

Portuguese DOP in the Terras Madeirenses IGP on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo. red, white nd rose from a large range of grapes. the IVBAM operates a cooperative winemaking facility for Madeirense DOP.

90
Q

Adega

A

Portuguese for winery

91
Q

Amarzem

A

Portuguese for cellar

92
Q

Colheita

A

Portuguese for vintage

93
Q

Doce

A

Portuguese for sweet

94
Q

Engarrafado

A

Portuguese for estate bottled

95
Q

Maduro

A

Portuguese for old or mature

96
Q

Quinta

A

Portuguese for farm or estate

97
Q

Seco

A

Portuguese for dry

98
Q

Vinha

A

Portuguese for vineyard

99
Q

Trincadeira aka

A

Tinta Amarela

100
Q

Touriga Francesa aka

A

Touriga Franca

101
Q

Sercial aka

A

Escagna Cao, the dog strangler

102
Q

Arinto aka

A

Pederna

103
Q

Maria Gomez aka

A

Fernao Pires

Advanced Sommelier (44 decks)

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