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WSET level 3 2020 > Port Production > Flashcards

Port Production Flashcards

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1
Q

What is added to Port to fortify it?

A

Grape Spirit

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2
Q

Which two twin coastal cities is the Port industry divided between?

A

Porto

Vila Nova de Gaia

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3
Q

Where are Port vineyards found in relation to Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia?

A

Further up the Douro River (70km)

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4
Q

What are three vineyard sub-regions for making Port?

A

Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior

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5
Q

In which Port-producing sub-region are the lightest style of wine found?

A

Baixo Corgo

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6
Q

In which Port-producing sub-region are the greatest number of top vineyard sites found?

A

Cima Corgo

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7
Q

Which Port-producing sub-region, despite being sparsely planted is also known as a source for top-quality wine?

A

Douro Superior

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8
Q

What is the general climate of Port vineyard areas, Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior? What is the name of the mountains that block the cooling, rain-bearing, Atlantic winds?

A

Warm, continental

Serra do Marao

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9
Q

List the three Port vineyards from wettest and coolest to hotter and dryer AKA west to east (inland)

A

Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior

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10
Q

What are two major climatic risks in Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior?

A

Spring frosts

Heavy downfall

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11
Q

Why is availability to water during the growing season not such a massive issue, despite the regions low rainfall?

A

Schist bedrock that fractures vertically, allowing roots access to water reserves beneath that are built up by winter rains

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12
Q

Briefly describe Socalcos vineyard design

A

retaining walls
Patamores (No walls, each terrace has a road)
Vinha ao alto (vineyards plan

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13
Q

Briefly describe Patamores vineyard design

A

Terraced, without walls, each terrace has a road

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14
Q

Briefly describe Vinha ao alto vineyard design

(not for steep slopes) What machinery is used here?

A

Vines planted in line with the slope

Winches

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15
Q

What kind of aspect might be taken advantage of here?

A

North-facing slopes are often used to avoid the full force of the sun

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16
Q

Are the vineyards of the Douro River on steep slopes? What is a benefit of these steep slopes?

A

Yes

Altitude brings a marked difference in temperature

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17
Q

What is one natural factor that makes maintaining vines in the Douro valley difficult to manage?

A

Steep slopes

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18
Q

What are common features of the five main black varieties used in the production of Port? (Tannin, 2 clusters)

A

High tannin
Black fruit
Floral

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19
Q

What are the five main black varieties used in the production of Port?

A 
Touriga Franca
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Barroca
Tinto Cao
20
Q

When is fermentation stopped during the production of port?

A

When the base wine reaches 5-9% ABV

21
Q

What level of sweetness is a port?

A

Sweet

22
Q

How long does fermentation generally take to reach 5-9% ABV when making port?
What does this mean for the wine?

A

24 - 36 hours

There isn’t enough time for the level of extraction of tannin and colour expected in Port

23
Q

What are the two black varieties used in the production of Port that begin with Touriga?

A

Touriga Franca

Touriga Nacional

24
Q

What are the 4 extraction techniques used in Port production to extract ample tannin and colour?

A

Foot treading
Autovinifiers
Piston plungers
Robotic Lagars

25
Q

What is a lagar or lagares?

A

Lagares are shallow granite troughs

26
Q

For how long do large teams of workers tread grapes during the foot-treading process? What dictates them stopping? What happens after they stop stomping?

A

3-4 hours
They stop when fermentation is underway
Regular cap punch-downs

27
Q

What is the name of the black grape used in the production of port thats name begins with Tinto?

A

Tinto Cao

28
Q

Which extraction method was one of the earliest automated alternatives to foot stomping extraction?

A

Autovinifiers

29
Q

What is one downfall of autovinifiers? What new development combats this?

A

No pre-fermentation extraction

Mechanical paddles

30
Q

In an autovinifier, the Co2 from crushed grapes fermenting in a seal vat pushes wine up through pipes and into a holding tank. What releases the juice in the holding tank?

A

When the pressure of Co2 reaches a set level a valve is automatically released.

31
Q

In an autovinifier, the Co2 from crushed grapes fermenting in a seal vat pushes wine up through pipes and into a holding tank. What releases the juice in the holding tank? What that juice do?

A

When the pressure of Co2 reaches a set level a valve is automatically released.
Juice floods down over the cap
(and the valve resets, process begins again)

32
Q

What extraction technique does an autovinifier mimic?

How often will it repeat a cycle?

A

Pumping over

Repeats every 15-20 mins

33
Q

What benchmark technique is imitated by piston plungers and robotic lagars?

A

Foot treading

34
Q

Piston plungers work by pushing down the cap in …, …-topped vat via robotic pistons

A

shallow, open-topped

35
Q

What might a robotic lagar be made of, rather than the traditional granite? They’re about the same size

A

Stainless steel

36
Q

The machine imitates the stomping of feet against the base of the lagar until when? What does the robot do after that?

A

Fermentation begins

Carries out regular cap punch downs

37
Q

Which three Port wine extraction techniques are used for premium wines?

A

Foot treading (rarely used at all)
Piston Plungers
Robotic Lagar

38
Q

What is the maximum ABV of the fortifying grape spirit?

What is it called?

A

77%

Aguardente

39
Q

What kills the yeast in the production of Port?

What is the final ABV?

A

Fortification

19-22%

40
Q

Where are most Ports transported to for maturation?

Why?

A

Vila Nova de Gaia

Cooler coastal climate

41
Q

What type of Port might remain upstream in the wineries to mature? How does this impact maturation and the final product?

A

Tawny Port

Higher temps result in faster ageing and a loss in colour.

42
Q

Why is more and more Port being aged in the vineyard area?

A

Air-con

43
Q

What 3 kinds of vessels are used for Ruby Port (and all it’s iterations) maturation?
What are producers looking to minimise?

A

Large old oak
Small old oak
Stainless
Contact with oxygen

44
Q

What is the name of barrels used in the production of Tawny Port?

A

Pipes

45
Q

When might Tawny Ports be blended prior to bottling?

A

At any point, it is an ongoing process

WSET level 3 2020 (41 decks)

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