PNEUMONIA Flashcards
an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma
pneumonia
common in childhood, occurring more frequently in infancy and early childhood
may occur either as a primary disease or as a complication of another disease
pneumonia
is the most common bacterial pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia in both children and adults
s. pneumoniae
In 3 months to 5 years age group, ___, ___, ___ are common causes.
S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis and group A streptococci
___ is causing fewer infections because of the Hib vaccine.
H. influenza type b
___ as causative agent of pneumonia is also now rarely seen in infants and toddlers.
S. aureus
___ and ___ are the dominant organisms in children over 5 years of age
M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae
types of pneumonia according to morphology
bronchopneumonia
lobar
interstitial
types of pneumonia according to causative agent
viral
bacterial
fungi
Occur more frequently than bacterial pneumonia
Seen in children of all age groups
Associated with viral URIs
Changes involve interstitial pneumonitis with inflammation of the mucosa and the walls of bronchi and bronchioles
viral pneumonia
viruses that cause viral pneumonia
RSV - infants
parainfluenza, influenza, adenovirus - older children
A serious infection
Involved aspiration or hematogenous dissemination
Cause varies depending on the child’s age, underlying illness, and degree of immunosuppression or immunocompetence
bacterial pneumonia
Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia. They most often cause pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems.
fungal pneumonia
fungi that can cause pneumonia
Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus species, Histoplasmosis species
types of pneumonia according to where or how it was acquired
hospital
community
ventilator
aspiration
This type of bacterial pneumonia is acquired during a hospital stay. It can be more serious than other types, as the bacteria involved may be more resistant to antibiotics.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
When people who are using a ventilator get pneumonia.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
occurs when you inhale bacteria into your lungs from food, drink, or saliva.
This type is more likely to occur if you have a swallowing problem or if you’re too sedated from the use of medications, alcohol, or other drugs.
Aspiration pneumonia
pathophysiology of pneumonia
Invasion
Inflammatory Response is triggered
Capillary leak
Edema and exudate are created
Impaired Gas Exchange
Sepsis
Common defense mechanisms that are compromised in the pathogenesis of pneumonia include:
- compromised systemic defenses
- impaired mucociliary clearance
- impaired cough reflex
- accumulation of secretions
clinical manifestations of viral PNA
high fever, severe cough, malaise
unproductive cough
tachypnea
wheezes / fine crackles
diffuse / patchy infiltration with a peribronchial distribution
lab studies for diagnosing pneumonia
gram stain and culture
blood CS
lung aspiration
biopsy
tx and nursing mgmt
Oxygen administration with cool mist
CPT and postural drainage
Antipyretics
Fluid intake
Family support
Antimicrobial therapy
___ is used widely for outpatient management of infants and children younger than 5 years of age
oral amoxicillin
___ and ___ should be given to patients incompletely immunized against H. influenza
Amoxicillin and Clavulanate
___ is recommended for infants and children younger than 23 months
Heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7; Prevnar)
___ provides protection to pneumococcal serotypes in children 24 months old and older.
Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine (PS23)
