Pleura, Lungs, and Lung Development Flashcards by Garrett Oberst

Layers of pleura and what they touch

Visceral - on the lungs

Parietal - on the surface

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What is the space between the two layers of pleura and what does it contain?

Pleural cavity

Serous fluid

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How are two layers of pleura held together?

Surface tension

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Regions of parietal pleura

Cervical
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
I

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What are regions of parietal pleura in contact with?

Endothoracic fascia

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Innervation of parietal pleura and what is it sensitive to?

Phrenic and intercostal

Localized pain

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Is visceral pleura sensitive to localized pain and what is innervation?

Visceral affarent nerves

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Suprapleural membrane covers which part of parietal pleura?

Cervical

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Costodiaphragmatic recess

Lowest point of pleural cavity

Recevies drainage of pleural cavity if standing up

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Costomediastinal recess function

Allows lungs to expand into area during inhalation

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Hemothorax and where it will drain

Blood in pleural cavity

Costodiaphragmatic recess

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Pneumothorax and what is can cause

Air in the lung

Collapsed lung

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Tension pneumothorax causes

Shifting of the mediastinum which can compress a lung

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Lobes of the right lung and fissures separating

Superior
Middle
Inferior
Horizontal separates sup and mid
Oblique separates mid and inf

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Lobes of the left lung and fissure

Superior and inferior

Oblique separates

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2 structures found in superor lobe of left lung

Cardiac notch and lingula

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Bronchopulmonary segments

Anatomically separate respiratory units surround by connective tissue CONTINUOS with visceral pleura

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What does each BP segment receive?

A segmental (tertiary) bronchus with accompnaying branch of a pulmonary artery (intrasegmental)

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Branches of pulmonary veins located

In connective tissue between BP segments (intersegmental)

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Pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries carry

Arteries - deoxygenated blood

Veins - oxygenated

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Sternal angle is at what levle and what is significance

T4…this is where trachea splits to left and right primary bronchus

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Right vs. left primary bronchus

Right wider and more vertical than left…means objects more likely to go here

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How many secondary bronchi from each primary branch?

3 on right

2 on left

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Tertiary bronchi go to

individual BP segments

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BP segments of right lung superior lobe

Apical Posterior Anterior

BP segments of right middle lobe

Lateral | Medial

BP segments of right inferior lobe

``` Superior Medial basal Anterior B Lateral B Posterior B ```

BP segments of left superior lobe

Apicoposterior (1-2) Anterior Lingular division has 2 (superior lingular and inferior lingular)

BP segments of left inferior lobe

``` Superior Medial B Nateior B Lateral B Posterior B ```

Innervation of the lungs

Pulmonary plexuses Postganglionic symp Preganglionic parasymp Visceral afferent

Postganglionic symp fibers of lungs from

Cell bodies in upper and cervical sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral)

Preganglionic parasymp of lungs

Vagus nerve

Sympathetic lung stimulation

Bronchodilation and inhibition of bronchial secretions

Parasympathetic lung stimulation

Bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions

Affarent innervation of lungs and visceral pleura | and how these fibers travel

Affarent nociceptive fibers Afferent reflex fibers Travel with symp and vagal fibers back to spinal cord and brain stem

Afferent innervation of the parietal pleura

Intercostal and phrenic nerves

Lung pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary arteries and veins

Systemic circulation of lungs

Bronchial arteries Bronchial veins Supplies root of lungs and supporting tissue

Bronchial arteries from

Thoracic aorta or upper posterior intercostal arteries

Bronchial veins drain

Into azygos system or superior intercostal veins

Horizontal Surface location

Along 4th rib and costal cartilage on right side

Oblique fissure Surface location

Starts at T2/T3 spinous process and runs down to follow curvature of 6th rib

Cardiac nothc surface location

Along 4-6 costal cartilages left of sternum

Lower respiratory system develops as a ________ beginning ______

4th week | Outpocketing from the cranial foregut

Laryngotracheal diverticulum and what germ layer

Forms from caudal end of the floor of primitive pharynz Endoderm lined Cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue from splanchnic mesoderm

Tracheoesophageal folds - what are they and what is function?...also, what germ layer?

Form along longitudinal margins and fuse to produce tracheoesophageal septum Isolates developing respiratory system from digestive system Splanchnic mesoderm

Tracheoesophageal septum divides what?

The cranial foregut into a ventral laryngotracheal tube and a dorsal esophagus portion

Laryngeal inlet

How laryngotracheal tube retains connection with the pharynx

Tracheoesophageal fistulas

Result of incomplete closure of tracheoesophageal folds | Connection of larynx and foregut

Results of a tracheoesophageal fistual

Esophageal atresia and polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)

Clinical signs of tracheoesophageal fistulas

Excess mucous Cyanosis Abdominal distension after crying Gastric reflux in the lungs

Gastric reflux in the lungs leads to

Pneumonitis

VACTERL association

``` Vertebral abnormal Anal atresia Cardiovascular abnormal Tracheoesophageal fistula Esophageal atresia Renal anomalies Limb Defects ```

What does lung bud at end of laryngotracheal diverticulum divide into

Bronchial Buds

How to bronchial buds gorw?

Laterally into the primitive pleural cavities

Visceral and parietal pleura derived from

V - splanchnic | P - somatic

Each bronchial bud fomrs a

Primary bronchus

Primary bronchi form

3 or 2 secondary bronchi

Tertiary bronchi surrounded by

Expanding mass of mesoderm

Each segmental bronchus and surrounding mesoderm are called a

Bronchopulmonary segment

16 weeks

Conducting portion generated

FInal level

Prospective terminal bronchioles

What do fetal breathing movements accomplish?

Cause aspiration of amniotic fluid

When born, what happens to lungs and amniotic fluid

Eliminated through nose and mouth and by resorbption of blood and lymph Lungs are conditioned

Earliest period where fetus can survive

25-28 weeks

What do lungs of newborn infant look like on chest X-ray?

More dense because of fewer mature alveoli

Respiratory distress syndrome

Surfactant deficiency

Tx for RDS

Corticosteroids to the mother and surfactant replacement in child

Hylaine membrane disease

From repeated gasping inhalations that can damage alveolar lining...collaspes and creates glassy membrane