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Anatomy and Radiology Test 2 > Mediastinum and Heart > Flashcards

Mediastinum and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Region of thoracic cavity that contains all thoracic viscera besdies lungs and surrounding pleura

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2
Q

How is mediastinum divided?

A

Superior and inferior by plane passing from sternal angle to inferior border of 4th thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

Inferior mediastinum divided into

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior regions

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4
Q

Superior mediastinum contains

A

Aortic arch and all branches
Brachiocephalic veins and 1/2 of sup vena cava
Vagus, phrenic, left recurrent laryngeal nerves
Esophagus
Trachea
THoracic duct
Thymus

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5
Q

Anterior mediastinum contains

A

Basically nothing

Some lymph nodes and fat…thymus in children

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6
Q

Middle mediastinum contains

A 
Heart
Pericardial sac
Ascending aorta
INferior 1/2 of sup vena cava
Termination of azygos vein
Pulmonary trunk and branches
Pulmonary veins 
Phyrenic nerves
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7
Q

Posterior mediastinum contains

A 
Bifurcation of trachea 
Descending aorta
Esophagus
Azygos and hemiazygos veins 
THoracic duct 
Vagus and splanchnic nerves
Sympathetic chain
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8
Q

How is heart attached to diaphragm?

A

central tendons attached to fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

Apex of heart is where what two parts come together?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

Fibrous pericardium and nerve on surface

A

Inelastic fibrous sac surrounding heart

Phrenic nerves

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11
Q

Parietal pericadium

A

Just deep to fibrous pericardium

Serous layer

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium…what is it continuous with and other name for it

A

Serous layer on surface of the heart
Continuous with parietal at roots of great vessels
Epicardium

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13
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between visceral and parietal layers

Only contains a few drops of fluid

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14
Q

Adhesions of pericardial cavity

A

Restrict heart movement and compromise cardiac function

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15
Q

Pericarditis

A

INflammation of pericardium

Can have effusion into pericardial cavity and compression of the heart

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16
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Extensive fluid in pericardial cavity…compresses heart

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17
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

Draining of fluid from pericardial cavity

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18
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus separates

A

Venous and arterial ends of the heart

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19
Q

Oblique pericardial sinus

A

Pocket-like recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to base of the heart

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20
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus can be used to isolate

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

Base of heart on which surfaces?

A

Posterior and superior

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22
Q

Apex of heart projects which way and which intercostal space

A

Anterioly and inferior

5th intercostal space

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23
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

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24
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks position of interventricular septum on anterior or diaphragmatic surface surface

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25
Surfaces of heart
Anterior/sternocostal Posterior (base) Inferior or diaphragmatic
26
Auricles fucntion and derivation
Increases capacity of atria Ear like pouches Derived from primitive atria Right and left atrium
27
Crista terminalis derivation and mistaken for
Muscular right in right atrium seprating smooth from rought portion of internal wall of right atrium Intracardiac mass Right atrium only
28
Rough and smooth portion of atria derivations
Rough - primitive atrium | Smooth - sinus vensosus
29
Pectinate muscles
Ridges on rough portion of internal wall of both right and left atria Right and left atrium
30
Fossa ovalis and what is it a remnant of?
Depression of interatrial septum Forament ovale Right only
31
Trabeculae carnae
Right and left ventricles | Muscular ridges on walls
32
Papillary muscles
Right and left ventricles | Conical muscular porjections with bases attached to walls
33
Chordae tendineae
Right and left ventricles | Run from papillary muscles to free edge of AV valve cusps
34
How to AV valves stay closed during systole?
Papillary muscles contract and pull chordae tendineae tight
35
Septomarginal trabecula and function
Right ventricle only Runs from inferior part of interventricular spetum to papillary Facilitats coordination of electrical impulse to papillary muscles for coordinated contraction of papillary with ventricle
36
Left vs. right ventricle
Left has bicuspid valve Thicker wall Higher pressure
37
What enters left atrium vs right atrium
Left - pulmonary veins | Right - vena cava
38
Ventricular relaxation - aortic valve and mitral valve
Mitral valve open and aortic closed
39
Coronary sulcus
Groove on external surface of heart | Separates atria from ventricles
40
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
Grooves on external of heart separating right and left ventricles
41
Right coronary artery - what does it supply and what are its branches
Right atrium, right ventricle, and part of left ventricle Marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery
42
Marginal artery runs
Along right margin of the heart
43
Posterior interventricular artery runs
In posterior interventricular sulcus
44
Left coronary artery supplies and what are brnahces
Left atrium, left ventricle, and parts of right ventricle | Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
45
Anterior interventricular artery runs
In anterior interventricular sulcus
46
Circumflex artery runs
Through coronary sulcus
47
What does it mean when we say most coronary arteries are end arteries?
Little to no anastomoses with other branches | If slow, onset of clot, anastamoses may form
48
Coronary sinus - where does it empty, what does it receive drainage from, and where is it located?
Empties into the right atrium between inferior vena cava and right atrioventricular valve In coronary sulcus Most veins in heart drain into ti
49
Great cardiac vein assoicated with
Anterior interventricular artery
50
Posterior vein of the left ventricle drains and what is it associated with?
Left ventricle | Circumflex artery
51
Middle cardiac vein associated with
Posterior interventricular artery
52
Small cardiac vein follows
Marginal and right coronary artery
53
Anterior cardiac veins and cardiac veins empty into
The heart chambers...NOT the coronary sinus | Most into the RA
54
SA node location and blood supply
Pacemaker of the heart In myocardium near anterior margin of opining of SVC in right atrium Supply from SA nodal artery from right coronary
55
AV node location and blood supply
Interatrial septum...superior and medial to opening of coranry sinus in right atrium AV nodal artery from right coronary
56
AV bundle and division
Begins at AV node and passes through fibrous skeleton...runs along membranous part of IV septum Divides into the left and right bundle branches at the IV septum
57
Pukinje fibers
Termination of BUndle of His in the ventricles
58
Fibrous skeleton of the heart composition and function
Anchoring point of cusps and valves Keeps orifices patent Forms electrical insulator Fibrous connective tissue that surround orifices and valves
59
Innervation of the heart and nerve fibers
Cardiac plexus Postgang sym (paravertebral) Pre gang sym (vagus nerve) Visceral affarent
60
Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac stimulation
Sympathetic - increase heart rate, impulse conduction, force of contraction...dilation of coronary arteries Para - decrease HR, impulse conduction, force of contraction...constriction of coronary arteries
61
Affarent innveration of heart...waht is it sensitive to and what is it not?
Not to touch, cutting, heat, and cold | Ischemia and metabolic product accumulation stimulate pain endings in myocardium
62
Affarent pain fiber path
In cardiac nerves to sympathetic trunk
63
Axons of affarent cardiav fibers
Enter spinal cord at T1 through T4-T5
64
Cardiac pain regions
T1-T5...left pectoral region, shoulder, medial arm, and forearm
65
Visceral sensory fibers innervate ______ receptors in the heart and travel with _______ back to brainstem
Baro and chemo | Vagus nerve
66
Base of heart is where?
3rd costal cartilage
67
Apex of heart is where?
5th intercostal space
68
Aortic semilunar valve location and where to listen
3rd intercostal space (post to sternum) | Right 2nd intercostal space
69
Pulmoanry semilunar valve and where to listen
L 3rd costosternal junction | L 2nd intercostal space
70
Tricuspid valve and where to listen
R 5th costosternal junction posterior to sternum | Left lower sternal border
71
Bicupsid valve (mitral) and where to listen
4th costosternal junction | L 5th intercostal space

Anatomy and Radiology Test 2 (18 decks)

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