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Anatomy and Radiology Test 2 > Mediastinum and Heart > Flashcards

Mediastinum and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Region of thoracic cavity that contains all thoracic viscera besdies lungs and surrounding pleura

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2
Q

How is mediastinum divided?

A

Superior and inferior by plane passing from sternal angle to inferior border of 4th thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

Inferior mediastinum divided into

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior regions

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4
Q

Superior mediastinum contains

A

Aortic arch and all branches
Brachiocephalic veins and 1/2 of sup vena cava
Vagus, phrenic, left recurrent laryngeal nerves
Esophagus
Trachea
THoracic duct
Thymus

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5
Q

Anterior mediastinum contains

A

Basically nothing

Some lymph nodes and fat…thymus in children

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6
Q

Middle mediastinum contains

A 
Heart
Pericardial sac
Ascending aorta
INferior 1/2 of sup vena cava
Termination of azygos vein
Pulmonary trunk and branches
Pulmonary veins 
Phyrenic nerves
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7
Q

Posterior mediastinum contains

A 
Bifurcation of trachea 
Descending aorta
Esophagus
Azygos and hemiazygos veins 
THoracic duct 
Vagus and splanchnic nerves
Sympathetic chain
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8
Q

How is heart attached to diaphragm?

A

central tendons attached to fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

Apex of heart is where what two parts come together?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

Fibrous pericardium and nerve on surface

A

Inelastic fibrous sac surrounding heart

Phrenic nerves

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11
Q

Parietal pericadium

A

Just deep to fibrous pericardium

Serous layer

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium…what is it continuous with and other name for it

A

Serous layer on surface of the heart
Continuous with parietal at roots of great vessels
Epicardium

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13
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between visceral and parietal layers

Only contains a few drops of fluid

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14
Q

Adhesions of pericardial cavity

A

Restrict heart movement and compromise cardiac function

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15
Q

Pericarditis

A

INflammation of pericardium

Can have effusion into pericardial cavity and compression of the heart

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16
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Extensive fluid in pericardial cavity…compresses heart

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17
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

Draining of fluid from pericardial cavity

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18
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus separates

A

Venous and arterial ends of the heart

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19
Q

Oblique pericardial sinus

A

Pocket-like recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to base of the heart

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20
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus can be used to isolate

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

Base of heart on which surfaces?

A

Posterior and superior

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22
Q

Apex of heart projects which way and which intercostal space

A

Anterioly and inferior

5th intercostal space

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23
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

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24
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks position of interventricular septum on anterior or diaphragmatic surface surface

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25
Q

Surfaces of heart

A

Anterior/sternocostal
Posterior (base)
Inferior or diaphragmatic

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26
Q

Auricles fucntion and derivation

A

Increases capacity of atria
Ear like pouches
Derived from primitive atria
Right and left atrium

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27
Q

Crista terminalis derivation and mistaken for

A

Muscular right in right atrium seprating smooth from rought portion of internal wall of right atrium
Intracardiac mass
Right atrium only

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28
Q

Rough and smooth portion of atria derivations

A

Rough - primitive atrium

Smooth - sinus vensosus

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29
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Ridges on rough portion of internal wall of both right and left atria
Right and left atrium

30
Q

Fossa ovalis and what is it a remnant of?

A

Depression of interatrial septum
Forament ovale
Right only

31
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Right and left ventricles

Muscular ridges on walls

32
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Right and left ventricles

Conical muscular porjections with bases attached to walls

33
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Right and left ventricles

Run from papillary muscles to free edge of AV valve cusps

34
Q

How to AV valves stay closed during systole?

A

Papillary muscles contract and pull chordae tendineae tight

35
Q

Septomarginal trabecula and function

A

Right ventricle only
Runs from inferior part of interventricular spetum to papillary
Facilitats coordination of electrical impulse to papillary muscles for coordinated contraction of papillary with ventricle

36
Q

Left vs. right ventricle

A

Left has bicuspid valve
Thicker wall
Higher pressure

37
Q

What enters left atrium vs right atrium

A

Left - pulmonary veins

Right - vena cava

38
Q

Ventricular relaxation - aortic valve and mitral valve

A

Mitral valve open and aortic closed

39
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Groove on external surface of heart

Separates atria from ventricles

40
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A

Grooves on external of heart separating right and left ventricles

41
Q

Right coronary artery - what does it supply and what are its branches

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, and part of left ventricle
Marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery

42
Q

Marginal artery runs

A

Along right margin of the heart

43
Q

Posterior interventricular artery runs

A

In posterior interventricular sulcus

44
Q

Left coronary artery supplies and what are brnahces

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, and parts of right ventricle

Anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

45
Q

Anterior interventricular artery runs

A

In anterior interventricular sulcus

46
Q

Circumflex artery runs

A

Through coronary sulcus

47
Q

What does it mean when we say most coronary arteries are end arteries?

A

Little to no anastomoses with other branches

If slow, onset of clot, anastamoses may form

48
Q

Coronary sinus - where does it empty, what does it receive drainage from, and where is it located?

A

Empties into the right atrium between inferior vena cava and right atrioventricular valve
In coronary sulcus
Most veins in heart drain into ti

49
Q

Great cardiac vein assoicated with

A

Anterior interventricular artery

50
Q

Posterior vein of the left ventricle drains and what is it associated with?

A

Left ventricle

Circumflex artery

51
Q

Middle cardiac vein associated with

A

Posterior interventricular artery

52
Q

Small cardiac vein follows

A

Marginal and right coronary artery

53
Q

Anterior cardiac veins and cardiac veins empty into

A

The heart chambers…NOT the coronary sinus

Most into the RA

54
Q

SA node location and blood supply

A

Pacemaker of the heart
In myocardium near anterior margin of opining of SVC in right atrium
Supply from SA nodal artery from right coronary

55
Q

AV node location and blood supply

A

Interatrial septum…superior and medial to opening of coranry sinus in right atrium
AV nodal artery from right coronary

56
Q

AV bundle and division

A

Begins at AV node and passes through fibrous skeleton…runs along membranous part of IV septum
Divides into the left and right bundle branches at the IV septum

57
Q

Pukinje fibers

A

Termination of BUndle of His in the ventricles

58
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the heart composition and function

A

Anchoring point of cusps and valves
Keeps orifices patent
Forms electrical insulator
Fibrous connective tissue that surround orifices and valves

59
Q

Innervation of the heart and nerve fibers

A

Cardiac plexus
Postgang sym (paravertebral)
Pre gang sym (vagus nerve)
Visceral affarent

60
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac stimulation

A

Sympathetic - increase heart rate, impulse conduction, force of contraction…dilation of coronary arteries
Para - decrease HR, impulse conduction, force of contraction…constriction of coronary arteries

61
Q

Affarent innveration of heart…waht is it sensitive to and what is it not?

A

Not to touch, cutting, heat, and cold

Ischemia and metabolic product accumulation stimulate pain endings in myocardium

62
Q

Affarent pain fiber path

A

In cardiac nerves to sympathetic trunk

63
Q

Axons of affarent cardiav fibers

A

Enter spinal cord at T1 through T4-T5

64
Q

Cardiac pain regions

A

T1-T5…left pectoral region, shoulder, medial arm, and forearm

65
Q

Visceral sensory fibers innervate ______ receptors in the heart and travel with _______ back to brainstem

A

Baro and chemo

Vagus nerve

66
Q

Base of heart is where?

A

3rd costal cartilage

67
Q

Apex of heart is where?

A

5th intercostal space

68
Q

Aortic semilunar valve location and where to listen

A

3rd intercostal space (post to sternum)

Right 2nd intercostal space

69
Q

Pulmoanry semilunar valve and where to listen

A

L 3rd costosternal junction

L 2nd intercostal space

70
Q

Tricuspid valve and where to listen

A

R 5th costosternal junction posterior to sternum

Left lower sternal border

71
Q

Bicupsid valve (mitral) and where to listen

A

4th costosternal junction

L 5th intercostal space

Anatomy and Radiology Test 2 (18 decks)

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