Gastrointestinal Development Flashcards by Garrett Oberst

Most common congenital GI anomaly

Intestinal obstruction

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When does part of inestines herniate out and back in ?

Week 6-10

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Foregut

Esophagus
Stomach
Proximal duodenum
Pancreas
Liver
Biliary system

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Midgut

Distal duodenum
Most small intestine
Cecum
Appendix 
Ascending colon
Right 1/2 of tvs colon

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Hindgut

Distal 1/2 tvs colon 
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Superor part of anal cnaal

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Gut tube formed by

Incorporation of dorsal yolk sac into embryo

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Gut tube extends from

oropharyngeal to cloacal membrane

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Vitelline duct

Connects yolk sac to midgut

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Celiac artery supplies

Foregut except pharynx, resp tract, and intra-thoracic esophagus

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Mid gut supply

Suprior mesenteric artery

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Hindgut supply

Inferior mesenteric

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Parasympathetic innervation of gut

Vagus nerve innervates foregut and midgut

Pelvic splanchnis innervates hindgut (S2-S4)

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Foregut derivatives

Pharynx and deriv
Lower resp
Esophagus and stomach
Duodenum (superior half)
Liver, biliary, and pancreas

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Stomach formation

Dorsal stomach wall becomes greater curvature
Ventral stomach wall becomes lesser curvature
From caudal foregut

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Stomach rotates how?

Clockwise

Left becomes ventral and right becomes dorsal

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Ventral wall/dorsal wall of stomach innervation

Left vagus - ventral

Right vagus - dorsal

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How is stomach suspended from dorsal and ventral ab walls

Mesogastrium (dorsal and ventral mesenteries)

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Dorsal mesogastrium becomes

Greater omentum

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Rotation of dorsal mesogastrium forms

OMental bursa (lesser sac)

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Ventral mesogastrium becomes

Lesser omentum

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Pyloric stenosis

Thickening of smooth muscle in pyloric region of the stomach
Prevents food from emptying properly into duodenum

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Duodenum formed from

Caudal foregut and cranial midgut

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Where does common bile duct attach?

Junction of foregut and midgut

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Rotation of stomach rotates duodenal loop

To the right and pushes pancreas and udodenum into retroperitoneal postion

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Duodenal stenosis

When lumen narrowed as a result of failed recanalization | Vomiting

Duodenal atresia

When lumen is occuded Associated with other severe conditions Double bubble

Pancreas formed from

Foregut endoderm | Dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds between layers of mesenter y

Duodenal rotation moves what parts of pancreas

Ventral pancreatic bud posterior to the dorsal bud and fuses

Ventral pancreatic bud becomes what part of pancreas?

Head, uncinate, and most of main duct

Dorsal bud forms

Rest of pancreas

Main pancreatic duct from

Dorsla and ventral duct anastamose

Biliary development

Caudal foregut endoderm grows out to form hepatic diverticulum into surroudning mesoderm

Hepatic diverticulum divides into

Cranial and caudal portion

Cranial portion of hepatic diverticulum forms

Liver | Hepatic cords from endoderm and fibrous and hemopoeitic blood forming cells from septum transversum

Caudal portion of hepatic diverticulum forms

Gallbladder and cystic duct | Endodermal lined

Bile duct from

From common stalk connecting the hepatic and cystic ducts

Liver encased by

Ventral mesogastrium

Lesser omentum and falciform ligament connect liver to

Stomach and ab wall

As midgut elongates, forms a midgut loop around

Superior mesenteric artery

Physiological umbilical herniation

Growing midgut loop moves into extraembryonic space

Cranial loop of midgut forms

Jejunum and upper ileum | Coils a lot

Caudal limb of midgut forms

Lower ilem Ascending colon 1/2 of transverse (proximal) Grows very little

Cecal diverticulum develops into

Cecum and appendix

Which limb returns first and what happens when it does?

Yolk stalk eliminated | Cranial limb

Which part returns last?

Cecum

Return of colon does what to duodenum and pancreas

Presses against posterior abdominal wall

Jejunum and ileum retain

Mesenteries

Ascending and Descending colon become secondarily retroperitoneal how?

Dorsal mesentery fuses with peritoneum

Greater omentum fuses with

istself and mesentery of transverse colon

Umbilical hernias

When midgut hernia reduces normally but herniates again through imperfectly closed umbilicus (covered by subq and skin)

Gastroshisis

Defect in ventral ab wall Viscera extrude without umbilical cord involvement From incomplete embryonic folding

Ileal (Meckel's) diverticulum

Persistence of proximal yolk stalk | May become inflamed and cause appendicitis

Terminal end of hindgut lined with

Cloaca - endoderm lined puch

Cloaca contacts

Ectoderm of proctoderum and cloacal membrane

Proctodeum

Invagination of surface of ectoderm caused by proliferation of mesoderm around cloacal membrane

Cloaca partitioned by

Urorectal septum into rectum and seuprior anal canal | As well as primitive urogenital sinus

Urorectal septum composed of

Lateral and longitudinal folds

Mesoderm proliferation produces elevations of surface ectoderm at the

Anal membrane

Anal membrane located at

Proctodeum

Lower anal canal develops from

Proctodeum

Lower anal canal is NOT

a part of hidgut

Pectinate line marks

Junction of upper and lower canals

Lower anal canal vs/ upper pain and structure

Lower - ecto derm and localized pain | Upper - endo and visceral pain

Congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung's disease)

Neurological dysfunction that affects colon Abnormality of autonomic ganglia Failure of peristalsis Neural crest cell problem

Anorectal agenesis

Rectum ends too far superior either blindly or iwht a fistula to bladder, urethra, vagina, or vestibule