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GIGU > Placenta and Fetal Membranes > Flashcards

Placenta and Fetal Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fetal membranes?

A

Chorion
Amnion
Allantois
Umbilical vesicle

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2
Q

What makes up the fetal part of the placenta?

A

Chorionic sac - villous chorion

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3
Q

What makes up the maternal part of the placenta?

A

Derived from endometrium - decidua basalis

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4
Q

What is the outermost fetal membrane?

A

Chorionic sac

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5
Q

What occurs at the placenta?

A

Exchange of nutrients and oxygen between maternal and fetal bloodstreams

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6
Q

What connects the placental circulation with the fetal circulation?

A

Vessels in the umbilical cord

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7
Q

What are the parts of the Decidua?

A
  1. Decidua Basalis
  2. Decidua Capsularis
  3. Decidua Parietalis
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8
Q

What is the Decidua?

A

Functional layer of the endometrium

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9
Q

Decidua Basalis location?

A

Forms deep to conceptus (embryo) = placenta

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10
Q

What portion of the Decidua forms the maternal part of the placenta?

A

Decidua Basalis

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11
Q

Decidua Capsularis location?

A

Superficial and overlies the conceptus (embryo) = chorion

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12
Q

Decidua Parietalis location?

A

Remaining parts of the decidua = walls of uterus

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13
Q

During implantation, the trophoblast layer differentiates into what 2 layers?

A

Cytotrophoblasts (inner layer)

Syncytiotrophoblasts (outer layer)

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14
Q

What layer of cells displaces the decidual cells of the endometrium?

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

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15
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces that appear in the syncytiotrophoblasts that will fill with blood and secretions and eventually fuse
- diffusion of oxygen and nutrients here until actual circulation is formed!

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16
Q

What makes up the chorionic sac?

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblasts
Syncytiotrophoblasts

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17
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Membrane that surrounds embryo and amniotic fluid

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18
Q

What will the amnion eventually do and form?

A

Obliterate the chorionic cavity and form epithelial covering of the umbilical cord

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19
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Cushion and protect fetus and permit fetal movements

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20
Q

Does the volume of amniotic fluid increase as gestation continues?

A

Yes; should be around 700-1000 mL by week 37

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21
Q

Polyhydramnios

(include fetus and mother signs)

A

EXCESS amniotic fluid

  • Fetus symptoms = CNS abnormalities
  • Mother symptoms = breathlessness, pain, swelling, bloating
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22
Q

Oligohydramnios

(include fetus and mother signs)

A

Insufficient amniotic fluid (<400 mL)

  • Fetus symptoms = anomalies like renal agenesis, not permitted to move very much
  • Mother symptoms = abnormal placenta or HBP
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23
Q

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate towards the endometrium starting from where?

A

Chorionic plate

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24
Q

The cytotrophoblasts extend through what and attach to what?

A

Extend through syncytiotrophoblasts

Attach to decidua basalis

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25
Q

As the cytotrophoblasts proliferate and extend towards the decidua basalis, what will they form surrounding the chorionic sac?

A

Cytotrophoblastic shell

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26
Q

Once the cytotrophoblastic shell is formed, what is created beneath it?

A

Intervillous space

27
Q

What flows in the intervillous space at week 11-14?

A

Maternal blood

28
Q

The intervillous space is also a continuation of?

A

Lacunae network

29
Q

What span the intervillous space?

A

Chorionic villi

30
Q

What fuse to form the placenta?

A

Villous chorion and decidua basalis

31
Q

Decidual erosions produce placental septa. What do the septa divide?

A

Villous chorion into irregular areas

32
Q

Once the placental septa divide the villous chorion into irregular areas, what are those areas called?

A

Cotyledons

33
Q

What do villi associated with the decidua capsularis become?

A

Compressed and degenerate to form the

= Smooth Chorion

34
Q

What do villi associated with the decidua basalis become?

A

Villi branch extensively to form bushy area known as

= Villous Chorion

35
Q

Primary chorionic villi

A

Cytotrophoblasts grow into syncytiotrophoblasts

36
Q

Secondary chorionic villi

A

Extraembyronic mesoderm grows into primary villi

37
Q

Tertiary chorionic villi

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm differentiates into capillaries and blood vessels

38
Q

Main stem villi

A

Extend from chorionic plate

39
Q

Branch villi

A

Extend off the main stem villi and increase surface area

40
Q

What type of villi make up the location where the main exchange occurs between fetus and mother?

A

Branch villi

41
Q

Anchoring villi

A

Villi that attach to maternal tissues through the cytotrophoblastic shell

42
Q

Cotyldeons have what type of villi?

A

At least 2+ main stem villi and multiple branch villi

43
Q

As the embryo grows, what decidua layer bulges into the uterine cavity?

A

Decidua capsularis

44
Q

What decidua layer will degenerate and allow the amnion and chorion to fuse?

A

Decidua capsularis

45
Q

Once the amnion and chorion fuse, what is created and what will it fuse with?

A

Amniochoriotic membrane

It will fuse with the decidua parietalis on the opposite wall

46
Q

After 20 weeks gestation, what in the villi degenerates?

A

Cytotrophoblasts

47
Q

What things are NOT allowed to cross the placenta?

A
  1. Protein hormones (ex. pituitary hormones)
  2. Bacteria
  3. Drugs with amino acid like structures
48
Q

What makes up the umbilical cord?

A

Mucous tissue (“wharton’s jelly”)
2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein
Allantois proper

49
Q

In the umbilical cord, the umbilical arteries contain what type of blood?

A

De-oxygenated

50
Q

In the umbilical cord, the umbilical vein contains what type of blood?

A

Oxygenated

51
Q

Connecting stalk covered with amnion makes?

A

Umbilical cord

52
Q

Absence of an umbilical artery can result in?

A

Fetal anomalies and can impact labor outcomes

53
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Placenta implants in lower uterine segment or cervix

  • often leads to serious 3rd trimester bleeding
  • Predisposure = prior placenta previa or C section
54
Q

Placenta Accrete/a

A

Partial/complete absence of decidua and villous chorion adheres to myometrium
- severe postpartum bleeding

55
Q

Hydatidiform mole

A

Replacement of villi with dilated translucent vesicles

56
Q

Partial mole

A

Portion of villi are edematous

  • FETAL TISSUE PRESENT
  • one ovum fertilized by 2 sperm
57
Q

Complete mole

A

ALL villi are edematous

  • NO fetal tissue present
  • NO ovum, all DNA is PATERNAL
58
Q

Invasive mole

A

Complete mole that penetrates uterine wall

- Increased hCG in blood

59
Q

Gestational choriocarcinoma

A

Invasive metastatic tumor that arises from trophoblast cells

- Increased hCG

60
Q

Dizygotic twins arise from ____ zygotes

A

2

61
Q

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins likely have 2 of what?

A

2 chorions
2 amnions
Possible 2 placentas

62
Q

Monozygotic twins arise from _____ zygote

A

1

63
Q

The earlier the split for monozygotic twins the?

A

More separate the membranes and placentas will be

GIGU (29 decks)

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