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GIGU > GI Correlation > Flashcards

GI Correlation Flashcards

1
Q

Acholic

A

White, clay colored stool due to absence of bile in GI tract

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2
Q

Acute abdomen

A

Any serious acute intraabdominal condition where surgery is considered

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3
Q

Cachexia

A

Malnutrition and general ill health

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4
Q

Coffee-ground emesis

A

Blood that is separated within the gastric contents that takes the form of coffee-grounds in the acidic environment

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5
Q

Colic

A

Acute abdominal pain

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6
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Postprandial epigastric discomfort

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7
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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8
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of esophagus

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9
Q

ERCP

A

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

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10
Q

Flatus

A

Fart - air in GI tract expelled through anus

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11
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach with histological/endoscopic features

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12
Q

Guarding

A

Protective response in muscle resulting from pain or fear of movement

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13
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

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14
Q

Hematochezia

A

Passage of bright red blood in stools

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15
Q

Icterus

A

= jaundice; yellowing of sclera in eyes and skin

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16
Q

Melena

A

Dark, tarry stools

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17
Q

Pneumobilia

A

Air/gas in the bile ducts/biliary system

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18
Q

Pneumomediastinum

A

Air/gas in the mediastinum (between organs or cavities)

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19
Q

Pneumoperitoneum

A

Air/gas in the peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

UGIB

A

Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed

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21
Q

Ulcer

A

Local excavation of tissue surface produced by shedding inflamed necrotic tissue
- extends through muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

Ureterolithiasis

A

Stone from kidney making its way to bladder

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23
Q

Virchow’s node

A

Palpable mass in LEFT supraclavicular/sternoclavicular fossa

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24
Q

What are some red flag symptoms?

A

Persistent vomiting and abdominal pain
Dysphagia
Hematemesis
Melena

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25
Q

RUQ pain

A

Cholecystitis (gallbladder)

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26
Q

LUQ pain

A

Gastritis (stomach)

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27
Q

RLQ pain

A

Appendicitis

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28
Q

LLQ pain

A

Diverticulitis

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29
Q

Describe visceral pain

A

Stimulation of visceral pain fibers secondary to distention, stretching of hollow organs
- NOT well localized

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30
Q

Describe parietal pain

A

Stimulation of somatic pain fibers secondary to inflammation of parietal peritoneum
- WELL LOCALIZED

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31
Q

What type of pain is usually more severe?

A

Parietal pain

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32
Q

If someone presents with nausea and vomiting, what is the most important information to get?

A

History and appearance of vomit

- Can be due to many causes

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33
Q

Oropharyngeal Dysphasia

A

Trouble initiating swallowing

- can be due to muscular, neurologic, structural, metabolic disorders

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34
Q

Esophageal Dysphasia is usually due to?

A

Usually due to mechanical obstruction or motility disorder

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35
Q

Example of a motility disorder for esophageal dysphasia

A

Achalasia, spasm

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36
Q

Example of a mechanical obstruction for esophageal dysphasia

A

Schatzki ring, peptic stricture

- Harder to swallow solids than liquids

37
Q

What are the lab tests for a GI/Abdominal workup?

A 
CBC
BMP
CMP
Urinalysis
Pregnancy test
Lipase/amylase
38
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count - number of different cells in blood

- “with differential” includes % and counts of immune cells: PMN, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes

39
Q

BMP

A

Basal metabolic panel

- main electrolyte values

40
Q

CMP

A

Comprehensive metabolic panel

- main electrolyte values and includes liver function molecules such as albumin and bilirubin

41
Q

When looking for pancreatitis, what test is ordered?

A

Lipase/amylase

42
Q

Types of plain film x-rays that can be ordered for GI pathology

A

AAS - acute abdominal screening

KUB - kidney, ureter, bladder

43
Q

AAS plain film is good for?

A

Initial screening and quick check for free air

44
Q

Purpose of a barium swallow?

A

Differentiate between mechanical lesions and motility disorders for esophageal dysphagia

45
Q

What is a barium study sensitive to?

A

Detecting subtle esophageal narrowings and lesions

46
Q

EGD

A

Endoscopicgastroduodenoscopy (upper endoscopy)

- direct visualization, biopsy of abnormalities and dilation of stricture

47
Q

Colonoscopy

A

(lower endoscopy)

- screening, lower GI bleed

48
Q

What gives the most important info about abdominal pathology?

A

CT scan - can be with or without contrast

49
Q

Ultrasound is good for?

A

Imaging fluid filled structures and trauma situations

50
Q

ERCP can do what?

A

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

- invasive way to visualize hepatobiliary and pancreatic ducts

51
Q

MCRP shows?

A

Bile duct anatomy

52
Q

HIDA

A

Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan

53
Q

Purpose of HIDA?

A

Checks for dysfunctional gallbladder

54
Q

What are the main symptoms with GERD?

A

Heartburn (pyrosis) and reflux/regurgitation

55
Q

How do you diagnose GERD?

A

Usually on symptoms alone or via upper endoscopy

56
Q

PUD and symptoms

A

Peptic ulcer disease

- Mostly asymptomatic, maybe pain in epigastric

57
Q

What are the 2 major risk factors for PUD?

A
  1. Helicobacter pylori

2. NSAIDS

58
Q

What is the most common cause of UGIB?

A

PUD!!! Peptic ulcer disease

59
Q

What is the most prevalent chronic bacterial disease known?

A

Helicobacter pylori

60
Q

Helicobacter pylori produces _____

A

urease

61
Q

Helicobacter pylori produces urease. What does urease do?

A

It hydrolyzes the urea in the gastric lumen to form ammonia
- Ammonia then neutralizes the gastric acid to form a protective cloud around the organism so it can continue to penetrate the gastric mucosa

62
Q

Helicobacter pylori is associated with many GI pathologies. List some.

A 
PUD
Gastritis
Duodenal ulcers
Gastric adenocarcinoma 
MALT lymphoma
63
Q

What is the mode of transmission for helicobacter pylori?

A

Unknown

64
Q

How do you test for helicobacter pylori?

A

Urea breath test

Fecal antigen test

65
Q

Have to stop _______ medication 14 days before helicobacter pylori test so there is not a false negative

A

Proton pump inhibitor

66
Q

What type of GI bleed is associated with an UGIB?

A

Melena

67
Q

What type of GI bleed is associated with a LGIB?

A

Hematochezia

68
Q

How can you tell if it is a UGIB or LGIB based on anatomical location?

A

ABOVE ligament of Treitz = UGIB

BELOW ligament of Treitz = LGIB

69
Q

Esophageal and gastric varices

A

Dilated submucosal veins resulting from portal hypertension - high mortality rate

70
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gall stones

71
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder usually due to stone in cystic duct

72
Q

Common presentation for cholelithiasis/cholecystitis

A

Some asymptomatic;

RUQ pain, worst after eating greasy foods

73
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Gall stone stuck in the common bile duct so neither liver or gallbladder can drain

74
Q

Ascending cholangitis

A

Inflammation of biliary tree (in liver)

75
Q

Gallstone pancreatitis

A

Stone stuck in pancreatic duct = increased pancreas enzymes

76
Q

Dysfunctional gallbladder

A

NO stone, just does not empty too well

77
Q

Pancreatitis symptoms

A

Severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, increased pancreatic enzymes in blood

78
Q

Appendicitis

A

RLQ pain!!! Starts visceral then localizes

79
Q

Diverticulitis

A

LLQ pain!!!

- Erosion/perforation of colon wall

80
Q

What does achalasia look like on a barium study?

A

Birds beak - enlarged esophagus but narrowed LES due to its inability to relax

81
Q

What is a secondary cause of achalasia?

A

Chagas disease - parasite in mexico, south america

82
Q

Parasymp. from esophagus to transverse colon

A

Vagus N.

83
Q

Parasymp. from descending colon to rectum

A

Pelvic splanchnic N. (S2-S4)

84
Q

Symp. innervation of esophagus

A

T2-T8

85
Q

Symp. innervation of stomach

A

T5-T9

86
Q

Symp. innervation of liver and gallbladder

A

T6-T9

87
Q

Symp. innervation of small intestines

A

T5-T12

88
Q

Symp. innervation of large intestines (colon)

A

T9-L1

89
Q

Symp. innervation of pancreas

A

T5-T11

GIGU (29 decks)

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