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GIGU > Development of Reproductive System > Flashcards

Development of Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

Progenitor cells of oogonia or spermatogonia

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2
Q

Where do the primordial germ cells begin?

A

Yolk sac wall

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3
Q

In what week do the primordial germ cells begin to migrate?

A

Week 5

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4
Q

In week 5, what do the primordial germ cells migrate up?

A

Up the dorsal mesentary

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5
Q

In week 5, where do the primordial germ cells migrate to?

A

To the genital ridge

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6
Q

Once the primordial germ cells have entered the genital ridge, they stimulate production of?

A

Somatic support cells

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7
Q

In males, what will the somatic support cells become?

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

In females, what will the somatic support cells become?

A

Follicle cells

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9
Q

In what week do the primordial germ cells stimulate the development of the somatic support cells?

A

Week 6

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10
Q

2 sets of reproductive ducts form from?

A

Within the intermediate mesoderm of the urogenital ridge

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11
Q

What are the 2 reproductive ducts?

A

Mesonephric duct

Paramesonephric duct

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12
Q

The Mesonephric duct will eventually give rise to?

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct

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13
Q

The Paramesonephric duct will eventually give rise to?

A

Oviduct
Uterus
Upper vagina

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14
Q

What gene on what chromosome determines gonad type?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

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15
Q

What determines the duct and genitalia development?

A

Gonad type

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16
Q

In the absence of the SRY gene, the development is?

A

Female

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17
Q

Between what days is the SRY gene on the Y chromosome active?

A

Day 41-52

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18
Q

In what cells is the SRY gene expressed?

A

Somatic support cells (sertoli)

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19
Q

Somatic support cells (sertoli) surround the primordial germ cells to organize?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

In the seminiferous tubules, there are cells that differentiate into?

A

Fetal Leydig cells

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21
Q

For testis development, in the somatic support (sertoli) cells, SRY expression causes what cascade of events?

A
  • Activation of Sox9
  • Which stimulates release of AMH
  • AMH controls regression of the paramesonephric duct
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22
Q

SRY gene activates Sox9. What is the hormone regulated by Sox9?

A

AMH - Anti-Mullerian Hormone

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23
Q

What does AMH do and when?

A

Controls regression of the paramesonephric duct between weeks 8-10

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24
Q

For testis development, what are the remnants of the paramesonephric duct?

A

Appendix testis

Prostatic utricle

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25
Q

Sertoli cells produce what 2 things?

A

AMH

Androgen binding factor

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26
Q

Androgen binding factor causes what at puberty?

A

Spermatogonia –> Spermatozoa

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of leydig cells?

A

Fetal leydig cells

Adult leydig cells

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28
Q

What 2 things do Fetal leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone

5alpha-reductase

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29
Q

Fetal leydig cell testosterone controls?

A

Mesonephric duct differentiating into the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct

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30
Q

Fetal leydig cell 5alpha-reductase controls what reaction?

A

Fetal leydig testosterone –> Dihydrotestosterone

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31
Q

Fetal leydig Dihydrotestosterone stimulates formation of?

A

External genitalia:

  • Scrotum
  • Penis
  • Prostate
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32
Q

Adult leydig cells stimulate what at puberty?

A

Spermatogenesis
Male sexual behavior
Masculinization of the brain

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33
Q

Seminal vesicle forms from?

A

Buds from Mesonephric duct (intermediate mesoderm of urogenital ridge)

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34
Q

Prostate gland forms from and at what week?

A

Buds from endoderm of urogenital sinus at week 10

35
Q

Bulbourethral glands form from?

A

Endodermal buds

36
Q

List the things that are formed with external genitalia during the INDIFFERENT stage

A 
Urogenital plate
Glans plate
Genital tubercle
Urogenital folds
Labioscrotal folds
Urogenital groove
37
Q

Rupture of the cloacal membrane opens the phallic portion of the urogenital sinus to the exterior and forms?

A

Endodermally derived urogenital plate

38
Q

What is the glans plate and where is it located?

A

The glans plate is remnants of the cloacal membrane and sits ventrally to the urogenital plate

39
Q

What is the genital tubercle made of?

A

Swelling of mesoderm covered with ectoderm

40
Q

Where is the genital tubercle?

A

Ventral and cranial to the urogenital plate

41
Q

What and where are urogenital folds?

A

Swellings that form on both sides of the urogenital plate

42
Q

What and where are the labioscrotal swellings?

A

Swellings that form on both sides of the urogenital folds

43
Q

Where does the urogenital groove form?

A

On the ventral surface of the urogenital plate

44
Q

What drives the external genitalia development in males?

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) - from Fetal leydig cells

45
Q

What does DHT drive in the formation of the external male genitalia?

A
  • Growth and elongation of the genital tubercle and the urogenital plate AND
  • Fusion of the labioscrotal swellings to form the scrotum
46
Q

How is the male urethra formed and during what week?

A

Urogenital folds grow toward each other and fuse during week 14

47
Q

The urogenital groove becomes _____ in the male

A

Urethra

48
Q

Urogenital folds do NOT fuse properly in male genitalia

A

Hypospadias

49
Q

Improper ventral body closure of male genitalia

A

Epispadias

50
Q

What gene is absent in females?

A

SRY gene

51
Q

What genes are expressed in females?

A

WNT-4 and FOX2L

52
Q

FOX2L continually suppresses?

A

Sox9 to maintain female gonads

53
Q

Primordial germ cells of females become?

A

Oogonia

54
Q

Oogonia then become?

A

Oocytes

55
Q

Follicle cells surround the oocytes and block them from undergoing?

A

Meiosis-1

56
Q

Is there a mesonephric duct in females?

A

No

57
Q

At what weeks does uterine formation take place?

A

Week 9-10

58
Q

The uterus is formed by?

A

The fusion of the inferior paramesonephric ducts

59
Q

The uterine tubes are formed by?

A

The superior paramesonephric ducts NOT fusing

60
Q

When the paramesonephric duct comes into contact with the urogenital sinus, what happens?

A

Stimulates proliferation of sinuvaginal bulb

61
Q

Sinuvaginal bulb is made of?

A

Endoderm

62
Q

How is the vagina formed?

A

The sinuvaginal bulb lengthens and then canalizes

63
Q

Almost entire vagina is made of?

A

Endoderm

64
Q

Uterus is made of?

A

Mesoderm (from paramesonephric ducts)

65
Q

Double uterus

A

Didelphys

66
Q

Didelphys

A

Double uterus from the improper/failed fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

67
Q

What is vaginal agenesis normally due to?

A

Improper lengthening/canalization of the sinuvaginal bulb

68
Q

After indifferent development of the gonads, for a female what will the urogenital folds become?

A

Labia minora

69
Q

After indifferent development of the gonads, for the female what will the labioscrotal swellings become?

A

Labia majora

70
Q

_____ and ______ separates urethra and vaginal opening

A

Growth and expansion

71
Q

Describe the formation of the broad ligament

A
  • Midline fusion of the paramesonephric ducts brings the lower urogenital ridge within the pelvic cavity and it is covered with peritoneum
  • After uterus formation, the remaining tissue thins
  • Tissue forms a double fold of peritoneum supporting the uterus and ovary
72
Q

Round ligament of ovary is made from?

A

Superior gubernaculum

73
Q

The round ligament of the ovary connects?

A

Ovary to uterus

74
Q

Round ligament of uterus is made from?

A

Inferior gubernaculum

75
Q

The round ligament of the uterus connects?

A

Uterus to labia majora

76
Q

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD)

A

Congenital conditions where development of chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex is Atypical

77
Q

Has testis but phenotype is female

A

Male DSD

78
Q

Male DSD can be caused from?

A

Inadequate testosterone
5alpha-reductase deficiency
Mutations in AMH
Androgen insensitivity syndrome

79
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Loss of functional androgen receptors

  • Have testis but not spermatogenesis
  • Have AMH so no paramesonephric system
80
Q

What happens at puberty with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Testosterone gets converted to estradiol and they exhibit female characteristics, though they do not have a period (amenorrhea)

81
Q

Where are the testes usually located with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

In inguinal or labial regions

82
Q

5alpha-reductase deficiency

A

Underdeveloped male external genitalia due to little dihydrotestosterone

83
Q

What normally causes Female DSDs?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

84
Q

What are the symptoms with female DSDs?

A

Masculinization of the female external genitalia

- may have fusion of the labia that is similar to a scrotum

GIGU (29 decks)

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