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GIGU > Gut Immunology > Flashcards

Gut Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Microbiota?

A

Microorganisms at a particular site

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2
Q

The microbiota in the intestines influences the result of either _______ or ________

A

Symbiosis or Dysbiosis

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3
Q

What is Symbiosis?

A

Immune tolerance, homeostasis and healthy metabolism

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4
Q

What is Dysbiosis?

A

Immune, intestinal and metabolic disease

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5
Q

What is GALT?

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

What does GALT consist of?

A

Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid tissue (ILT)

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7
Q

What is critical for the development of GALT?

A

Microbiota and immune system cross talk

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8
Q

When does GALT finish developing in a human?

A

After birth and after exposure to bacteria

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9
Q

What in turn regulates the microbiota?

A

GALT and ILT once they are developed

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10
Q

AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) contribute to?

A

Mucosal host defense in the GI tract

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11
Q

What type of AMP functions in innate immunity?

A

Defensins

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12
Q

What type of cells influence production of AMPs?

A

Enterocytes, paneth cells and colonocytes

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13
Q

What will you find in the outer mucous layer of the intestinal epithelium?

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

What will you find in the inner mucous layer of the intestinal epithelium?

A

AMPs
Mucin
Secretory IgAs (SIgA)

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15
Q

Job of secretory IgAs?

A

Control a peaceful bacteria - host environment

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16
Q

The inner mucous layer is _____ to bacteria due to _____

A

IMPERMEABLE to bacteria due to Defensins!

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17
Q

If bacteria penetrates the inner mucous layer and the epithelium, it will be picked up by?

A

Dendritic cells

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18
Q

Describe the adaptive immune system that takes over if bacteria is picked up by dendritic cells in the intestines

A
  • The DC will take the bacteria to a mesenteric lymph node and present it to a naive T cell
  • As the T cell begins to differentiate, stromal cells will release TGFbeta to them
  • This combined with little cytokines being released results in the naive T cell differentiating into a Treg cell
  • Tregs will suppress the immune response, keeping it local and not involve systemic circulation!
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19
Q

What 3 things can have major effects on the gut microbiota?

A

Changes in diet
Environmental factors
Genetics

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20
Q

Changes in diet or environmental factors may cause?

A

Dysbiosis - inflammation and immune dysregulation

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21
Q

SCFAs

A

Short chain fatty acids

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of SCFAs

A

Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Propionic acid

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23
Q

What produces SCFAs?

A

Bacteria fermenting undigested dietary carbohydrates

24
Q

Why are SCFAs important?

A

Stimulate production of mucous AND

support effective IgA mediated response to gut pathogens

25
Q

What is food tolerance?

A

No response to ingested food antigens

26
Q

A large number of lymphocytes will have receptors for self and for food. NORMALLY how are deleterious immune responses prevented?

A

Central tolerance

- Developing T/B cells are eliminated in the thymus or bone marrow if they are found to be self reactive

27
Q

Since intestinal antigens NEVER reach the thymus, central tolerance will not protect against such Ags. How does our body ensure food tolerance?

A

PERIPHERAL tolerance = ORAL tolerance!

28
Q

3 main things that control the oral tolerance?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
T Reg cells

29
Q

What is oral tolerance?

A

The extra layers of peripheral tolerance against food antigens so that a deleterious immune response is not initiated because of lack of central tolerance

30
Q

2 types of food adverse reactions

A
  1. Non-immune-mediated

2. Immune-mediated

31
Q

Non-immune mediated food adverse reaction means?

A

Absence of an enzyme needed to fully digest the food (food tolerance)

32
Q

Immune-mediated food adverse reaction means?

A

Specific immune response that occurs on exposure to a given food (food allergy)

33
Q

What is the most common type of immune-mediated food adverse reaction?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

34
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is an immune response mediated by?

A

IgE

35
Q

If _____ is broken, you may end up with a food allergy

A

Oral tolerance

36
Q

Describe the order of events for an IgE-mediated food allergy

A
  1. Primary (first) exposure to allergen
    - Adaptive immune response makes IgE
    - IgE enters circulation and bound to mast cells
  2. Subsequent exposure to allergen
    - IMMUNE RESPONSE
37
Q

Systemic immune response mediated by?

A

Histamine

38
Q

Local immune response mediated by?

A

PAF and Serotonin

39
Q

Systemic immune response leads to?

A

Anaphylaxis

40
Q

Local immune response leads to?

A

Diarrhea

41
Q

T reg cells produce ________ that may inhibit mast cell activity and reduce IgE synthesis

A

IL-10 and TGFbeta

42
Q

For a food allergy, what cell type activation is bad?

A

Mast cell

43
Q

Vitamins ___ and ___ and folate _____ inflammatory response

A

A and D suppress response

44
Q

______ promotes inflammation

A

High fat diet

45
Q

Best ways to test for Type 1 hypersensitivity to food allergens?

A

Skin prick test and HISTORY

46
Q

What is an example of an IgE-mediated allergy?

A

Wheat

47
Q

____ may induce the immune response after ingesting wheat

A

Exercise

48
Q

Describe how exercise or aspirin can cause an allergic attack?

A

Exercise or aspirin INCREASE absorption of undigested immuno-reactive allergies into circulation

49
Q

What is an example of a non-IgE-mediated allergy?

A

Cow’s milk

50
Q

How long do non-IgE-mediated allergies take to show a reaction?

A

up to 48 hours

51
Q

What is an example of a mixed IgE-mediated food allergy?

A

Peanuts

52
Q

What 3 things are activated in a mixed IgE-mediated food allergy?

A 
IgG1
IgE = main contributor ofcourse 
Complement activation (c3a)
53
Q

What 2 molecules that are released from either macrophages and mast cells cause anaphylaxis?

A

PAF - macrophage release

Histamine - mast cell release

54
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Permanent sensitivity to GLUTEN

55
Q

What genetic components MUST be present to diagnose celiac disease?

A

HLA-DQ2 AND DQ8

56
Q

Serous autoantibodies present against _____ enzyme with celiac disease

A

TG2

57
Q

In celiac disease gluten peptides are left ______

A

completely UNdigested

GIGU (29 decks)

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