Physiology - Psychopharmacology Flashcards
LD50 (lethal dose 50) indicates the minimum drug dose that had a ___ in 50% of a test sample, while ED50 (effective dose 50) is a measure of the drug’s effectiveness and indicates the minimum drug dose that produced the _____ effect in 50% of a test sample.
lethal effect; therapeutic (desired)
The therapeutic index (TI) is a quantitative measure of the relative safety of a drug. It is calculated by:
LD50/ ED50
agranulocytosis, which is a ___ that involves a low level of ___
potentially fatal blood disorder ; white blood cells
serotonin syndrome, which is potentially fatal and involves
restlessness and extreme agitation, confusion, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, tremor, seizures, and delirium.
clozapine (a second-generation antipsychotic) and carbamazepine (an anticonvulsant drug used to treat bipolar disorder) are the most common causes of ____
agranulocytosis
memantine exerts its effects by regulating the activity of __
glutamate.
Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine delay the breakdown of___
ACETYLCHOLINE
Secondary and tertiary amines inhibit both norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, but secondary amines have a greater impact on ___ reuptake while some tertiary amines have a greater impact on ___ reuptake.
norepinephrine; serotonin
secondary amines have ____side effects than do tertiary amines (e.g., they’re ___ likely to cause sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic effects).
fewer; less
what kind of med is phenelzine
MAOI
___ is an extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic drugs and involves a feeling of inner restlessness with a compulsion to keep moving.
Akathisia
symptom of dystonia
Involuntary muscle contractions
Tremor, muscle rigidity, and slowed movements are symptoms of ___.
parkinsonism
Benzodiazepines that have a ___ half-life are preferred for older adults
shorter
Benzodiazepines have a __________ half-life for older adults than for younger adults and, therefore, are often prescribed for older adults at a __________ dose than they are for younger adults.
longer; lower
studies have confirmed that MAOIs are ____than TCAs for treating atypical depression, they have provided ___ results for SSRIs
effective and more effective; mixed
Galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), and donepezil (Aricept) slow down Alzheimers by increasing ___ activity (i.e., by preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter ____)
cholinergic; acetylcholine
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
hyperthermia, severe muscle rigidity, difficulty swallowing, tachycardia, and altered consciousness.; can be fatal
SSRIs are ___likely than the SNRIs and TCAs to cause antidepressant poop-out (tachyphylaxis)
more
side effects of anticonvulsant drugs
lethargy, ataxia, tremor, visual disturbances, and impaired concentration
side effects of benzodiazepines
weakness, unsteadiness, impaired memory, anticholinergic effects, and sexual dysfunction
The most likely side effects of buspirone (BuSpar) include which of the following?
dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, nervousness, blurred vision, and trouble sleeping
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) produces its reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine concentrations in the ____
nucleus accumbens, a component of the brain’s mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway.
The risk for tardive dyskinesia increases with ____ age
increasing
The secondary amines have a ___ effect on norepinephrine than serotonin, while the tertiary amines have a similar effect on both neurotransmitters or ___ effect on serotonin than norepinephrine.
greater; greater
__ drugs are often prescribed for individuals with bipolar disorder who have not responded to lithium or cannot tolerate its side effects.
Anticonvulsant
neutropenia’s severe form is
agranulocytosis
Compared to tertiary amines, secondary amines cause ____blockage of norepinephrine reuptake and have fewer side effects.
greater
Compared to tertiary amines, secondary amines have ___ side effects.
fewer
