Physiology - Brain & Neurotransmitters Flashcards
__________ is the most common outcome of damage to the cerebellum and can also be due to abnormalities in the sensory or vestibular system.
Ataxia
Dyskinesia (answer C) involves
abnormal, involuntary muscle movements (e.g., twitching, fidgeting)
__________ is the most common outcome of abnormal activity in the basal ganglia.
Dyskinesia
Paresthesia
numbness, tingling, or other abnormal sensation in the skin
__________ facilitates movement by stimulating the muscles to contract.
Acetylocholine
The somatic nervous system conveys information from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to:
the skeletal muscles
Sxs of frontal lobe damage
inability to interact spontaneously with others, fluctuations in mood, and difficulty planning a complex sequence of movements
Sxs of temporal lobe damage
impaired long-term memory, difficulty understanding spoken words, and increased aggressive behavior
sxs of occipital lobe damage
inability to identify colors, inability to recognize familiar words, and difficulty locating objects in the environment
sxs of parietal lobe damage
problems with calculations and writing, difficulty distinguishing between left and right, and inability to identify objects by touch; Anosognosia
Intravenous administration of ________ is the primary treatment for Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
acute disorder that is caused by a thiamine deficiency and involves confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia. When it is not adequately treated, it leads to Korsakoff syndrome,
Korsakoff syndrome
which is a chronic disorder that is due to permanent damage to the brain and involves anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation
Memory impairment associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been linked to damage to which of the following areas of the brain?
thalamus and mammillary bodies
Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia have:
impaired comprehension of spoken and written language and fluent speech that’s devoid of meaning.
akinesia
the loss of the ability to move
akathisia
feeling of restlessness that makes it difficult to sit or stand still
Patients with lesions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are likely to exhibit
confabulation
those with lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex are likely to exhibit
social inappropriateness and poor impulse control
Patients with lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are most likely to exhibit:
perseverative responses
When the dendrites of a neuron receive sufficient stimulation from other neurons:
depolarization occurs as positively charged sodium ions enter the neuron.
Anosognosia
denial or lack of awareness of one’s disabilities.
Individuals with ideomotor apraxia have difficulty
turning an idea into action when requested to do so despite intact language, sensory, and motor functioning. A person with ideomotor apraxia would have trouble pantomiming or imitating waving good-bye, brushing his/her hair, or other familiar actions when asked to do so.
Ideomotor apraxia is usually caused by damage to:
the left (dominant) parietal lobe
One of the functions of the __________ is to maintain a constant body temperature.
hypothalamus
___ helps maintain many aspects of the body’s homeostasis including body temperature, blood pressure, hunger, thirst, and sleep through its effects on the autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, and endocrine system.
hypothalamus
Broca’s aphasia
nonfluent, labored speech with intact comprehension.
Areas of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning and execution of movement send excitatory signals to the:
The STRIATUM consists of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Knowing that the striatum is part of the basal ganglia and that the basal ganglia facilitate voluntary movement would have allowed you to identify the striatum as the correct answer to this question.
Following a stroke, a man shaves only the right side of his face, eats food only on the right side of his plate, and frequently bumps into door frames with the left side of his body. These are sxs of ___ and is caused by ___
contralateral neglect, which is also known as hemispatial neglect and is caused by damage to the parietal lobe (most often the right parietal lobe). A person with this disorder is unaware of areas and objects on the side of his/her body opposite to the location of the damage.
Various areas of the __ have been linked to different types of aggressive behavior in several animal species.
hypothalamus
Kluver-Bucy syndrome was caused by lesioning the ___, ___, and amygdala of rhesus monkeys.
temporal lobe, hippocampus
Gerstmann’s syndrome involves four symptoms:
finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia (difficulty writing), and acalculia (difficulty performing simple mathematical operations).
Research has found that people with OCD have increased activity in the ___, ___, and ___.
basal ganglia (especially the caudate nucleus), the orbitofrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate gyrus.
People with ___ type of aphasia have relatively intact comprehension, fluent (but paraphasic) spontaneous speech, and impaired ability to repeat phrases, especially lengthy and complex phrases.
Conduction aphasia
The __________ is known as the “body’s clock” because of its regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the ___
hypothalamus
unable to recognize familiar objects by touch. This condition is ___
tactile agnosia
In most people, Broca’s area is located in the __________
left inferior frontal gyrus
Wernicke’s area is located in the __________.
left superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia share which of the following symptoms?
impaired repetition and anomia
Damage to certain areas of the __________ lobe causes perseveration, which involves repetition of the same response or action when it’s inappropriate to do so in a variety of situations and on a variety of tasks.
frontal
ACh also plays a role in ___, ____, ___, and ___.
learning, memory, attention, and mood.
Asomatognosia is usually caused by damage to certain areas of the ___ lobe and is characterized by a lack of recognition or awareness of ___.
right parietal lobe and is characterized by a lack of recognition or awareness of part of one’s own body.
Research has found that increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus as the result of stress enhances the encoding and consolidation of _____ when stress occurs prior to learning but impairs the retrieval of ___ when stress occurs prior to retrieval
declarative memories
Conduction aphasia involves: ____ speech, ____ comprehension, ___ word repetition, and ___ naming.
fluent (but paraphasic); relatively intact; poor; impaired
Sxs of ___ lobe damage are inability to interact spontaneously with others, fluctuations in mood, and difficulty planning a complex sequence of movements
Frontal
Sxs of ____ lobe damage are impaired long-term memory, difficulty understanding spoken words, and increased aggressive behavior
Temporal
