Physiology - Brain & Neurotransmitters

Question 1

__________ is the most common outcome of damage to the cerebellum and can also be due to abnormalities in the sensory or vestibular system.

Answer 1

Ataxia

Question 2

Dyskinesia (answer C) involves

Answer 2

abnormal, involuntary muscle movements (e.g., twitching, fidgeting)

Question 3

__________ is the most common outcome of abnormal activity in the basal ganglia.

Answer 3

Dyskinesia

Question 4

Paresthesia

Answer 4

numbness, tingling, or other abnormal sensation in the skin

Question 5

__________ facilitates movement by stimulating the muscles to contract.

Answer 5

Acetylocholine

Question 6

The somatic nervous system conveys information from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to:

Answer 6

the skeletal muscles

Question 7

Sxs of frontal lobe damage

Answer 7

inability to interact spontaneously with others, fluctuations in mood, and difficulty planning a complex sequence of movements

Question 8

Sxs of temporal lobe damage

Answer 8

impaired long-term memory, difficulty understanding spoken words, and increased aggressive behavior

Question 9

sxs of occipital lobe damage

Answer 9

inability to identify colors, inability to recognize familiar words, and difficulty locating objects in the environment

Question 10

sxs of parietal lobe damage

Answer 10

problems with calculations and writing, difficulty distinguishing between left and right, and inability to identify objects by touch; Anosognosia

Question 11

Intravenous administration of ________ is the primary treatment for Wernicke’s encephalopathy.

Answer 11

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 12

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Answer 12

acute disorder that is caused by a thiamine deficiency and involves confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia. When it is not adequately treated, it leads to Korsakoff syndrome,

Question 13

Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 13

which is a chronic disorder that is due to permanent damage to the brain and involves anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation

Question 14

Memory impairment associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has been linked to damage to which of the following areas of the brain?

Answer 14

thalamus and mammillary bodies

Question 15

Individuals with Wernicke’s aphasia have:

Answer 15

impaired comprehension of spoken and written language and fluent speech that’s devoid of meaning.

Question 16

akinesia

Answer 16

the loss of the ability to move

Question 17

akathisia

Answer 17

feeling of restlessness that makes it difficult to sit or stand still

Question 18

Patients with lesions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are likely to exhibit

Answer 18

confabulation

Question 19

those with lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex are likely to exhibit

Answer 19

social inappropriateness and poor impulse control

Question 20

Patients with lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are most likely to exhibit:

Answer 20

perseverative responses

Question 21

When the dendrites of a neuron receive sufficient stimulation from other neurons:

Answer 21

depolarization occurs as positively charged sodium ions enter the neuron.

Question 22

Anosognosia

Answer 22

denial or lack of awareness of one’s disabilities.

Question 23

Individuals with ideomotor apraxia have difficulty

Answer 23

turning an idea into action when requested to do so despite intact language, sensory, and motor functioning. A person with ideomotor apraxia would have trouble pantomiming or imitating waving good-bye, brushing his/her hair, or other familiar actions when asked to do so.

Question 24

Ideomotor apraxia is usually caused by damage to:

Answer 24

the left (dominant) parietal lobe

Question 25

One of the functions of the __________ is to maintain a constant body temperature.

Answer 25

hypothalamus

Question 26

___ helps maintain many aspects of the body’s homeostasis including body temperature, blood pressure, hunger, thirst, and sleep through its effects on the autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, and endocrine system.

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 27

nonfluent, labored speech with intact comprehension.

Question 28

Areas of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning and execution of movement send excitatory signals to the:

Answer 28

The STRIATUM consists of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Knowing that the striatum is part of the basal ganglia and that the basal ganglia facilitate voluntary movement would have allowed you to identify the striatum as the correct answer to this question.

Question 29

Following a stroke, a man shaves only the right side of his face, eats food only on the right side of his plate, and frequently bumps into door frames with the left side of his body. These are sxs of ___ and is caused by ___

Answer 29

contralateral neglect, which is also known as hemispatial neglect and is caused by damage to the parietal lobe (most often the right parietal lobe). A person with this disorder is unaware of areas and objects on the side of his/her body opposite to the location of the damage.

Question 30

Various areas of the __ have been linked to different types of aggressive behavior in several animal species.

Answer 30

hypothalamus

Question 31

Kluver-Bucy syndrome was caused by lesioning the ___, ___, and amygdala of rhesus monkeys.

Answer 31

temporal lobe, hippocampus

Question 32

Gerstmann’s syndrome involves four symptoms:

Answer 32

finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia (difficulty writing), and acalculia (difficulty performing simple mathematical operations).

Question 33

Research has found that people with OCD have increased activity in the ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 33

basal ganglia (especially the caudate nucleus), the orbitofrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate gyrus.

Question 34

People with ___ type of aphasia have relatively intact comprehension, fluent (but paraphasic) spontaneous speech, and impaired ability to repeat phrases, especially lengthy and complex phrases.

Answer 34

Conduction aphasia

Question 35

The __________ is known as the “body’s clock” because of its regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms.

Answer 35

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 36

suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the ___

Answer 36

hypothalamus

Question 37

unable to recognize familiar objects by touch. This condition is ___

Answer 37

tactile agnosia

Question 38

In most people, Broca’s area is located in the __________

Answer 38

left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 39

Wernicke’s area is located in the __________.

Answer 39

left superior temporal gyrus

Question 40

Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia share which of the following symptoms?

Answer 40

impaired repetition and anomia

Question 41

Damage to certain areas of the __________ lobe causes perseveration, which involves repetition of the same response or action when it’s inappropriate to do so in a variety of situations and on a variety of tasks.

Answer 41

frontal

Question 42

ACh also plays a role in ___, ____, ___, and ___.

Answer 42

learning, memory, attention, and mood.

Question 43

Asomatognosia is usually caused by damage to certain areas of the ___ lobe and is characterized by a lack of recognition or awareness of ___.

Answer 43

right parietal lobe and is characterized by a lack of recognition or awareness of part of one’s own body.

Question 44

Research has found that increases in cortisol levels in the hippocampus as the result of stress enhances the encoding and consolidation of _____ when stress occurs prior to learning but impairs the retrieval of ___ when stress occurs prior to retrieval

Answer 44

declarative memories

Question 45

Conduction aphasia involves: ____ speech, ____ comprehension, ___ word repetition, and ___ naming.

Answer 45

fluent (but paraphasic); relatively intact; poor; impaired

Question 46

Sxs of ___ lobe damage are inability to interact spontaneously with others, fluctuations in mood, and difficulty planning a complex sequence of movements

Answer 46

Frontal

Question 47

Sxs of ____ lobe damage are impaired long-term memory, difficulty understanding spoken words, and increased aggressive behavior

Answer 47

Temporal